1.As for what can be done，Boyer argues that colleges should raise their standards of language proficiency by requiring a written essay of incoming freshmen。

　　[參考譯文]  至于該如何提高學(xué)生的語言水平，博依埃認(rèn)為大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求入學(xué)新生提交一篇書面文章。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Boyer argues that...; As for what can be done是介詞短語，作范圍狀語；that從句的主語是colleges，謂語是should raise，賓語是their standards，of language proficiency作standards的后置定語，by requiring a written essay作方式狀語，of incoming freshmen作essay的后置定語。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  as for..。就……而論；argue主張，認(rèn)為；standard標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；language proficiency語言水平；essay文章；incoming即將到來的，新來的；freshmen大一新生。

　　2.The editor and staff of the newspaper at first thought that the two figures most of their readers would choose would be Jesus Christ and Shakespeare。

　　[參考譯文]  起先，報(bào)紙的編輯和工作人員以為大多數(shù)讀者會(huì)選的兩個(gè)人是耶穌基督和莎士比亞。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：The editor and staff of the newspaper.., thought that...; that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的主語是the two figures，謂語是would be，表語是Jesus Christ and Shakespeare，most of their readers would choose是主語two figures的定語從句，前面省略了連接詞that。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  editor編輯；staff。工作人員(集合名詞)；at first，起先；figure人物；Jesus Christ耶穌基督；Shakespeare莎士比亞(16世紀(jì)英國大文豪)。

　　3.Americans today believe，erroneously，that acceptable social behavior follows effortlessly and naturally from personal virtue。

　　[參考譯文]  如今的美國人錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為只要具有個(gè)人美德就會(huì)毫不費(fèi)力地、自然地產(chǎn)生可接受的社會(huì)行為。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Americans...believe...that...；today作Americans的后置定語，erroneously作believe的狀語；that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的主語是acceptable social behavior，謂語是follows，并列副詞effortlessly and naturally和介詞短語from personal virtue均作follows的狀語。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  erroneously錯(cuò)誤地(源自error)；acceptable可接受的；effortlessly毫不費(fèi)力地(源自effort)；virtue美德。

　　4. Her parents had impressed upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys to moot her。

　　[參考譯文l父母曾告誡她如果誤了火車而且讓她的東道主朋友跑兩趟去接站，這事一定不能原諒。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是；Her parents had impressed.., that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends to make two journeys...; upon her是范圍狀語，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句比較復(fù)雜，其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是it would be unforgivable，“是形式主語，指代后面的并列不定式to miss it and cause，.+其中cause前省略了to，miss it中的it指代上文的train，with whom she was going to stay是介詞with+關(guān)系代詞whom的定語從句模式，修飾前面的friends，不定式to make two journeys作friends的賓補(bǔ)，不定式to meet her作make two journeys的目的狀語。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  impressed upon her that = impress that upon sb。向某人強(qiáng)調(diào)……；unforgivable不可原諒的；cause sb.to do sth讓某人做某事；make two journeys跑兩趟。

　　5. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。

　　[參考譯文]另一方面，醫(yī)療界許多人承認(rèn)，有關(guān)醫(yī)生輔助自殺的爭(zhēng)論升溫部分是由于病人的絕望而引起的，對(duì)他們來說，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)延長(zhǎng)了臨終前的痛苦。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：many acknowledge that the.., debate has been fueled...; On another level作狀語，in the medical community作many的定語，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相對(duì)復(fù)雜，assisted-suicide是主語debate的定語，in part作謂語has been fueled的程度狀語，for whom...dying是介詞for+關(guān)系代詞whom的定語從句模式，修飾前面的patients，該定語從句的主語是modern medicine，謂語是has prolonged，賓語是the physical agony of dying。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]On another level另一方面；medical community醫(yī)療界；acknowledge承認(rèn)；assisted-suicide醫(yī)生輔助性自殺(即安樂死)；fuel燃料，(v。)添燃料(引申為升溫，加劇)；in part部分地；prolong延長(zhǎng)；agony痛苦。

　　6.The ideals of chivalry，which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women，demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration，and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds。

　　[參考譯文]  理想的騎士風(fēng)度提倡婦女的美德與溫柔，要求騎士為自己鐘愛的女±表達(dá)一種純真執(zhí)著的愛。這位女士鼓舞他奮勇向前，他可以為她赴湯蹈火。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  這個(gè)句子可切分為三大部分：The ideals of chivalry, (which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women,) demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady (who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds. )，括號(hào)外的內(nèi)容是主句，主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The ideals of chivalry demanded that…，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的主語是a knight，謂語是should profess，賓語是a pure and dedicated 1ove，介詞短語to a lady作profess的狀語；兩個(gè)括號(hào)里的內(nèi)容是定語從句，第十個(gè)定語從句修飾The ideals，其主語是which，謂語是emphasized，賓語是the virtue and gentleness of women；第二個(gè)定語從句由兩部分組成，即who would be..and to whom...，第一部分的主語是who，謂語是would be，表語是his inspiration，第二部分的主語是he，指代前面的knight，謂語是would dedicate，賓語是his valiant deeds。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  ideal理想；chivalry騎土制度；virtue美德；gentleness溫柔；knight騎土；profess宣稱，表達(dá)；dedicated執(zhí)著的，專注的；inspiration鼓舞的力量，靈感；dedicate sth. to sb。把……奉獻(xiàn)給某人；valiant英勇的。