2010年成人英語三級考試重點解析講義(三)

來源：網(wǎng)絡(luò) 發(fā)布時間：2010-11-15

　　(三)分詞(v + ing 和v + ed) 1.分詞的語法功能

　　分詞在句中可作定語、狀語、補足語和表語

　　作定語

　　現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，進行，過去分詞表示被動，完成。

　　注意：

　　現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，表示正在進行的動作，或表示現(xiàn)狀。同時表示主動。

　　例如：

　　Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.

　　過去分詞作定語時，表示完成的動作。同時表示被動。有時過去分詞僅僅表示被動。

　　例如：

　　We've met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.(表被動和完成)

　　Some of the questions _____ in the book are easy to perform.(僅表被動)

　　A.being described

　　B.described

　　C.to be described

　　D.Having been described

　　答案：B

　　不定式作定語表示即將發(fā)生的動作。

　　例如：

　　The question _____ tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased.

　　A.to be debated

　　B.to debate

　　C.debated

　　D.is debated

　　答案：A

　　作狀語

　　分詞或分詞短語可作狀語，說明謂語表示的動作發(fā)生的時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語加以補充說明等。現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語含有主動的意思，過去分詞作狀語含有被動的意思，或是表示狀態(tài)。

　　例如：

　　① ______ ,he had asked three persons before he got there.

　　A.Not knowing where was the bookstore

　　B.Knowing not where the bookstore was

　　C.Not knowing where the bookstore was

　　D.Not to know where the bookstore was

　　答案：C

　�、赺_____ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a "blue planet".

　　A.Seen

　　B.Seeing

　　C.To be seen

　　D.Having seen

　　答案：A

　　注意：

　　分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。

　　例如：

　　Waiting for a bus, a stone hit me.

　　By swimming an hour everyday, Jane's weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds.

　　Made of plastic, I didn't expect the chairs would be that strong.

　　以上三句話應(yīng)當(dāng)分別改為：

　　While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me.

　　By swimming an hour everyday, Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds.

　　As the chairs were made of plastic, I didn't expect they would be that strong.

　　分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)

　　分詞作狀語時，要特別注意其邏輯主語和主句謂語動詞的一致性。否則，分詞必須有自己的主語。這種帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　例如：

　　The work done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.

　　(= When the work has been done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.)

　　His health failing, he decided to retire from office.

　　(= Since his health failed, he decided to retire from office.)

　　分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)有時還可由介詞with, without引出，通常用于補充說明或表示伴隨情況，有時也有時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果等含義，翻譯時可根據(jù)上下文譯為"隨著…"，"…之后"，"由于"等，有時也可不譯出，如：

　　With summer coming on, it's time to buy air conditioners.

　　出題形式與應(yīng)對策略：

　　______ , they went swimming.

　　A.Being a hot day

　　B.It was a hot day

　　C.Due to a hot day

　　D.The day being hot

　　答案：D

　�、偈紫瓤搭}干，逗號的后面是一個完整的句子，兩部分用逗號連接，現(xiàn)在我們必須清楚的是逗號并不能連接兩個并列句，不等于連詞and，因此選項B是錯誤的。但是，在考察分詞作狀語或分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的時候，四個選項中會有像選項B這樣的選項。也就是說下列結(jié)構(gòu)是錯誤的：

　　×It was a hot day, they went swimming.

　　√It was a hot day, and they went swimming.

　　√Since it was a hot day, they went swimming.

　　注：英語的語法是顯性的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要體現(xiàn)在形式上，而漢語的語法則是隱形的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要語義來傳達(dá)。

　　小練習(xí)

　　把下列劃線的句子改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　1.As the secretary was away, Mr Green had to type his final grade.

　　2.Since Mother was ill, I offered to do the cooking.

　　3.The machine consists of three parts, each of which has its own motor.

　　4.When class was over, the students went to the playground to watch the ball game.

　　5.Because the book was written in English, we found it easy to read.

　　6.Because a heavy rain flooded the road, he returned three days late than expected.

　　7.He prayed silently and his eyes were closed.

　　參考答案：

　　1.The secretary being away, …

　　2.Mother being ill, …

　　3.…, each having its own motor.

　　4.Class being over, …

　　5.The book being written in English, …

　　6.A heavy rain flooding the road, …

　　7.…, his eyes closed.

　　作賓語補足語

　　注意1：

　　使役動詞have, make, get的后面可以接過去分詞作賓補，keep的后面則接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補。在"have+ sth.+過去分詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補語所表示的動作往往是由別人來完成的。

　　例如：

　�、�"I can't see the blackboard very well."

　　"Perhaps you need ______ ."

　　A.to examine your eyes.

　　B.to have examined your eyes.

　　C.having your eyes examined.

　　D.to have your eyes examined.

　　答案：D

　　②When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult_____.

　　A.to make myself understood

　　B.to make others understand myself

　　C.to make myself understand

　　D.making others understand me

　　答案：A

　�、跿here was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly______.

　　A.make the audience hear

　　B.make himself be heard

　　C.make that the audience would hear

　　D.make himself heard

　　答案：D

　　It's about the time we got the kitchen repainted.

　　I'll try not to keep you waiting.

　　You'd better keep the engine running all night.

　　注意2：

　　表示感覺的動詞notice, find, see, watch, hear, smell, feel等后面可以接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，表示動作正在進行。

　　例如：

　　Did you smell something ______ .

　　A.having burnt

　　B.to have burnt

　　C.burning

　　D.to be burning

　　答案：C

　　We watched the workmen sawing the trees.

　　作表語

　　注意;

　　現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的特征，常用于事物;過去分詞作表語表示主語的狀態(tài)，常用于人。

　　例如：

　　The game sound interesting.

　　I am interested in the game.

　　這類詞常見的有：

　　interesting使人感到高興　─ interested感到高興的

　　exciting令人激動的　─ excited感到激動的

　　disappointing令人失望的　─ disappointed感到失望的

　　encouraging令人鼓舞的　─ encouraged感到鼓舞的

　　pleasing令人愉快的　─ pleased感到愉快的

　　puzzling令人費解的 ─ puzzled感到費解的

　　satisfying令人滿意的　─ satisfied感到滿意的

　　surprising令人驚異的 ─ surprised感到驚異的

　　worrying令人擔(dān)心的　─ worried感到擔(dān)心的

　　分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

　　現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，并有主動和被動語態(tài)。過去分詞則只有一種形式，現(xiàn)以動詞study為例：

　　主動/被動現(xiàn)在分詞一般式：studying; being studied

　　完成式：having studied; having been studied

　　過去分詞：studied

　　1) 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式：having done表示分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。例如：

　　Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.

　　四、定語從句

　　1)Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai,______she belong.(1998.6)

　　A.Which

　　B.to where

　　C.to which

　　D.at which

　　2)The investigation______will soon be published, was made by John.(1998.6)

　　A.at which the results

　　B.the results on which

　　C.whose results

　　D.at whose results.

　　3)My vacation begins next Tuesday,______I will leave for Florida.(1999.6)

　　A.which

　　B.that

　　C.while

　　D.when

　　4)This is the sportsman whom everyone says will win the

　　A　B　C

　　first prize at the Winter Olympic Games.(1999.6)

　　D

　　5)The United States is composed of fifty states,

　　A

　　two of those are separated from the others by land or water.

　　B　C　D

　　(2000.6)

　　6)A curve is a line______ no part is straight and which has no angle.(2001.6)

　　A.that

　　B.whose

　　C.in which

　　D.of which

　　7)I will not forget the ten years______ we both spent in the little village.(2001.6)

　　A.when

　　B.during which

　　C.which

　　D.in which

　　8)The grass______ many animals live is abundant here.(2003.4)

　　A.by which

　　B.with which

　　C.on which

　　D.of which

　　9)______is known to all, too much smoking will cause lung cancer.(2003.11)

　　A.That

　　B.It

　　C.As

　　D.What

　　10)The seventeenth century was one which many significant

　　A

　　advances were made in both science and philosophy.(2003.11)

　　B　C　D

　　11)Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,______ ,of course, made the others jealous.

　　(2005.4)

　　A.who

　　B.what

　　C.that

　　D.which

　　12)The way which the different kinds of rock lie on

　　A　B

　　one another helps to tell the story of long ago.(2005.4)

　　C　D

　　「答案」CCDBB DCCCA DA

　　「評析」

　　從以上各題可以看出，定語從句的考查還是集中在關(guān)系詞的選擇，雖然也有關(guān)系詞最一般的用法，但更多的是對特殊關(guān)系詞的考查。總的說來有以下幾點需要注意：

　�、� 關(guān)系詞的使用：一看先行詞，二看關(guān)系詞在從句中的作用。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在于從句中所作的成分，先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行詞在從句中作狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語)，如3)和7)。

　　7)I will not forget the ten years______ we both spent in the little village.

　　A.when

　　B.during which

　　C.which

　　D.in which

　　答案：C

　　(雖然先行詞時為表示時間的詞匯the ten years，但是the ten yeas在后面的定語從句中作spent的賓語，因此應(yīng)當(dāng)用關(guān)系代詞which來引導(dǎo)這個定語從句，而不是關(guān)系副詞when.)

　　3)My vacation begins next Tuesday,______ I will leave for Florida.(1999.6)

　　A.which

　　B.that

　　C.while

　　D.when

　　答案：D

　　(先行詞next Tuesday在后面的定語從句中作狀語，因此應(yīng)當(dāng)用關(guān)系副詞when來引導(dǎo)這個定語從句。)

　　在此基礎(chǔ)上熟記幾個常用的固定句式，如：

　　the same … as

　　such … as

　　當(dāng)看到先行詞前有the same 或such修飾時，可直接從選項中找as，選擇就變得比較簡單，這時用不著考慮先行詞是人還是物。

　　② 關(guān)系詞在句中作定語，應(yīng)當(dāng)用關(guān)系詞whose，如2)：

　　2)The investigation______ will soon be published, was made by John.(1998.6)

　　A.at which the results　B.the results on which

　　C.whose results　D.at whose results.

　　答案：C

　　同學(xué)們應(yīng)該熟悉關(guān)系詞作定語時的各種變體，作定語的關(guān)系詞可有以下變體，試比較：

　　the office whose windows are broken

　　the office the windows of which are broken

　　the office of which the windows are broken

　　上面的6)題就屬于the windows of which這種形式：

　　6)A curve is a line______ no part is straight and which has no angle.

　　A.that　B.whose　C.in which　D.of which

　　答案：D

　　先行詞是人時，同樣也可有這三種形式，如：

　　the professor whose car was stolen

　　the professor the car of whom was stolen

　　the professor of whom the car was stolen

　�、圩⒁�"介詞 + which/whom"的結(jié)構(gòu)作關(guān)系詞

　　從三級考試對定語從句的測試來看，主要考查的是介詞的選擇。"介詞 + which/whom"主要有以下幾種情況：

　　A. 介詞是句中短語搭配的一部分，如1)和8)：

　　1)Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai,she belong.(1998.6)

　　A.Which

　　B.to where

　　C.to which

　　D.at which

　　答案：C

　　("屬于"要用belong to，關(guān)系代詞在句中作賓語，同時定語從句以介詞結(jié)尾，因此把介詞提前，形成to which she belong的結(jié)構(gòu)。 )

　　8)The grass______many animals live is abundant here.(2003.4)

　　A.by which　B.with which　C.on which　D.of which

　　答案：C

　　再如：

　　We need a chairman ______.

　　A.for whom everyone has confidence

　　B.in whom everyone has confidence

　　C.who everyone has confidence of

　　D.whom everyone has confidence on

　　答案：B

　　(表示"信任某人"要用have confidence in somebody，所以作定語，應(yīng)該用a chairman in whom … has confidence.)

　　B."部分 + of + 整體名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)作關(guān)系詞也就是 "部分名詞 + of which/whom"的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　該結(jié)構(gòu)的使用應(yīng)注意兩點，一是注意定語從句與并列句的分別，如：

　　5)The United States is composed of fifty states,

　　A

　　two of those are separated from the others by land or water.

　　B　C　D

　　(2000.6)

　　答案：B

　　再如：

　　He invited many scientists to his birthday party, many of ______ were his old classmates.

　　A.whom

　　B.them

　　C.which

　　D.that

　　答案：A

　　這里很自然地會有many of whom 與many of them的選擇。

　　C.在大多數(shù)情況下，要看關(guān)系詞與先行詞之間的關(guān)系，以確定選擇什么樣的介詞，如10)：

　　10)The seventeenth century was one which many significant

　　A

　　advances were made in both science and philosophy.(2003.11)

　　B　C　D

　　答案：A

　�、� 注意as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的用法

　　as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，表示"正如……".如9)：

　　9)______is known to all, too much smoking will cause lung cancer.(2003.11)

　　A.That

　　B.It

　　C.As

　　D.What

　　答案：C

　　再如：The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,______ is often the case in other countries.

　　A.as

　　B.what

　　C.so

　　D.that

　　答案：A

　　______ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.

　　A.As

　　B.That

　　C.It

　　D.What

　　答案：A

　　一般as引導(dǎo)定語從句時，其先行詞為整個主句。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，其先行詞也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。

　�、� 注意先行詞為時間、地點或原因時，關(guān)系詞的選用。如果用when, where 或why，關(guān)系詞在從句中應(yīng)該是作狀語，否則的話則應(yīng)該用which/that等。如上面7)中：

　　7)I will not forget the ten years______we both spent in the little village.(2001.6)

　　A.when

　　B.during which

　　C.which

　　D.in which

　　[答疑編號10010614：針對該題提問]

　　答案：C

　　先行詞作spe

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