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The History of Chemistry

　　Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and laboriously. But chemical knowdedge is as old as history, being almost entirely concerned with the practical arts of living. Cooking is essentially a chemical process; so is the melting  of  metals and the administration  of drugs and  poisons. This  basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment. It also served to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves. New information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain better results. The  development of a scientific approach to chemistry  was, however, hampered by several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system. In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulites, chemistry is nothing if not practical; those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flair. Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest. The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood. Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric nature of the knowledge of a alchemists, who were trying to transform base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the blessing of eternal life. In one sense, the second of these was the more serious
impediment because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written  down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or  in symbols that were purposely obscure. 
　　全文翻譯：化學(xué)的歷史
　　化學(xué)在 17 世紀(jì)的科技革命后才成為一門科 學(xué)，其發(fā)展是緩慢而艱難的。但化學(xué)知識(shí)卻象人類歷史一樣古老，與人們實(shí)際生活密切相 關(guān)。  做飯基本上是一個(gè)化學(xué)過程。同樣，金屬熔煉、使用藥品或毒劑也是如此。  人們?cè)?大多數(shù)情況下只是粗糙地運(yùn)用這些基本化學(xué)知識(shí)，但這些基本知識(shí)的確是來自于前人的實(shí) 驗(yàn)。 它們同時(shí)也激發(fā)了人們對(duì)化學(xué)本身的興趣。 匠人們利用新技術(shù)來改良工藝，就增加了 對(duì)化學(xué)的了解。 但是，化學(xué)科學(xué)方法的發(fā)展卻有許多阻礙的因素。 其中最嚴(yán)重的問題就是要把浩如煙海的物質(zhì)歸納為若干系統(tǒng)確實(shí)很困難。 此外，還有社會(huì)和知識(shí)的原因。 離開實(shí)際用途，化學(xué)就毫無價(jià)值；研究化學(xué)的人必須親自動(dòng)手，這就要求他們要有很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)手能力。 但在許多古代文明中，動(dòng)手的活都是奴隸的行當(dāng)。思想家與哲學(xué)家與此勞碌決不沾邊，因 為在他們看來，實(shí)際操作技能低智而乏味。  最后，還有一個(gè)原因妨礙早期化學(xué)的發(fā)展，那 就是保密。 某個(gè)行家一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)了新技術(shù)，就竭力保密以防被人偷了飯碗。 另一個(gè)原因加劇 了知識(shí)封鎖這是因?yàn)闊捊鹦g(shù)士的知識(shí)的神秘性。這些術(shù)士們要么想他便宜的金屬變成黃金， 要么期望找到一種長(zhǎng)生不老藥。從某種意義上說，這第二個(gè)因素帶來了更嚴(yán)重的阻礙，因?yàn)樵缙谛g(shù)士們的研究成果記載于鮮為人知的或故意讓人不懂的符號(hào)中。