分詞

　　分詞在英語中是非常活躍的語言現(xiàn)象。在學(xué)習(xí)分詞的過程中應(yīng)該明確，在大多數(shù)情況下分詞只是從句的一種省略形式，目的在于使語言更為簡(jiǎn)練，尤其在筆頭上。所以無論是現(xiàn)在分詞，還是過去分詞都與從句的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)，時(shí)態(tài)有著密切的關(guān)系。注意將分詞短語與從句加以比較，對(duì)于理解分詞有很大的幫助。

　　▲ 分詞的構(gòu)成

　　現(xiàn)在分詞──動(dòng)詞原形+ing

　　過去分詞──動(dòng)詞原形+ed（部分分詞有不規(guī)則變化）

　　分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。

　　注意 �。。�！

　　現(xiàn)在分詞---通常含有主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行兩個(gè)概念。

　　過去分詞---通常含有被動(dòng)和完成兩個(gè)概念。

　　分詞做表語

　　The film we saw yesterday was really moving.

　　我們昨天看的那場(chǎng)電影確實(shí)感人。

　�。�電影使人感動(dòng)，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞）

　　They were excited on hearing the news.

　　聽到這個(gè)消息，他們很激動(dòng)。

　�。ㄋ麄�?yōu)橄�息而激�?dòng)，用過去分詞）

　　The story is very interesting.

　　這個(gè)故事很有意思。

　　（故事使人感興趣，用現(xiàn)在分詞）

　　They are interested in the story.

　　他們對(duì)這故事很感興趣。

　�。ü适率顾麄兏信d趣，他們是承受者，用過去分詞）

　　注：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞做表語時(shí)，因?yàn)樗鼈兒芟裥稳菰~，很多詞典已經(jīng)把它們例為形容詞或某種習(xí)慣，用法如to be interested in, to be excited on.

　　▲ 分詞做定語

　　1. 單獨(dú)一個(gè)分詞做定語通常放在所修飾的名詞前面。

　　an understanding man

　　一個(gè)能理解別人的人   =a man who understands others.

　�。ìF(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)）

　　a developing country

　　發(fā)展中國(guó)家                =a country which is developing

　�。ìF(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行）

　　smoked fish

　　熏魚                         =fish which has been smoked

　�。ㄟ^去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成）

　　a developed country

　　發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家                 =a country which has been developed

　　（過去分詞表示完成）

　　2. 分詞短語做定語往往放在所修飾的名詞之后，實(shí)際上是一個(gè)定語從句的省略，但要注意不是所有的定語從句都能用分詞代替。關(guān)鍵在于定語從句的時(shí)態(tài)。下面舉例說明。

　　The girl sitting in that corner is a good singer.

　　分詞短語做定語

　　=The girl who is sitting in that corner is a good singer.

　　坐在角落的那個(gè)姑娘是個(gè)好歌手。

　　（現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語時(shí)表示的是進(jìn)行）

　　Do you know the way leading into the mountain ?

　　現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語

　　=Do you know the way that leads into the mountain?

　　你知道進(jìn)山的那條路嗎？

　　（將which省略，將leads改為現(xiàn)在分詞。從上面句子可以看出，現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語也可以表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生）。

　　Do you know the teacher to teach us English?

　　=Do you know the teacher who will teach us English?

　　你認(rèn)識(shí)要教我們英語的那位教師嗎？

　　注：上面的句子只能用不定式做定語因?yàn)閺木渌�表達(dá)的意思是將來時(shí)。因此，現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語時(shí)，動(dòng)作必須同謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。否則不能用現(xiàn)在分詞做定語。

　　The proposal made by him will be discussed.

　　=The proposal that was made by him, will be discussed.

　　他提出的提議將被討論。

　　上句所定名詞proposal是make動(dòng)作的承受者，所以用過去分詞。我們可以從定語從句中看出。過去分詞含有被動(dòng)含有完成也就是該分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。

　　The goods ordered from abroad will soon be delivered.

　　=The goods, which were ordered from abroad, will soon be delivered.

　　從國(guó)外定的貨很快就會(huì)被送來。

　　注：過去分詞做定語含有被動(dòng)和完成的概念，即分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，因此，不是所有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句都可省略成過去分詞。請(qǐng)看例句。

　　Do you know the name of the book which will be written by our teacher.

　　你知道我們老師要寫的書的名字嗎？

　　Do you know the name of the book to be written by our teacher.

　　該句的written發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞know之后，所以不能省掉which will be。如果省略意思就變了。請(qǐng)看例句。

　　Do you know the name of the book written by our teacher?

　　=Do you know the name of the book that was written by our teacher?

　　你知道我們老師寫的那本書的書名嗎？（意思是該書已寫出來了）

　　1．The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

　　A. having written            B. to be written

　　C. being written             D. written

　　2．Don't you see the policeman _____ towards us.

　　A. to run          B. run               C. running         D. ran

　　3．The Olympic Games, ___ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.

　　A. first playing          B. to be first played

　　C. first played           D. to be first playing

　　4．European football is played in 80 countries, _____ it the most popular sport in the world.

　　A. making      B. makes        C. made            D. to make

　　D C C A

　　4．=European football is played in 80 countries, which makes it most popular sport in the world.該句是非限定性定語從句的省略。Which 定的是前面整個(gè)一句話。

　　分詞做狀語

　　注意 ！�。�！

　　分詞做狀語實(shí)際上就是一個(gè)并列句或狀語從句的省略，并對(duì)句子稍做改動(dòng)。

　　She stood there and hesitated because she didn't know what to do.

　　=She stood there and hesitated, not knowing what to do.

　　As he is a clever boy， he studies very well.

　　=Being a clever boy, he studies very well.

　　因?yàn)樗�是個(gè)聰明孩子，所以他學(xué)習(xí)很好。

　　When she was asked about it, she said she knew nothing.

　　=(When) asked about it, she said she knew nothing.

　　當(dāng)問起她這件事時(shí)，她說她不知道。

　　注：上句用過去分詞，因其是一個(gè)從被動(dòng)語態(tài)的從句省略而來，有時(shí)我們可以保留一些連詞，像when, while等。

　　If they are applied in agriculture, the machines will save farmers much labor.

　　=If applied in agriculture, the machines will save farmers much labor.

　　如果將這些機(jī)器用于農(nóng)業(yè)，就可以省去農(nóng)民很多勞動(dòng)。

　　注：如果連詞是if，我們通常保留。

　　1. He sent me an e-mail, _______ to get further information.

　　A. hoped          B. hoping

　　C. to hope         D. hope

　　2．_______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.

　　A. Being founded      B. It was founded

　　C. Founded            D. Founding

　　3. The fisherman, ______ poor, could not buy another boat.

　　A. is          B. was         C. being        D. been

　　4. _______ under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate精致的six-pointed shape.

　　A. Seeing       B. Seen        C. To see        D. To be seen

　　B C C B

　　5. While travelling  in Europe, ____.

　　A Jane was shocked by the social reform movement.

　　B. it was the social reform movement that shocked Jane

　　C. the social reform movement shocked Jane

　　D. Jane, shocked by the social reform movement.

　　6. After taking this examination, _____.

　　A. the book was read by him

　　B. the book made him happy to read it.

　　C. he wanted to read the book.

　　D. the reading of the book gave him some pleasure.

　　7. Asked if he could come to the party that night, _____.

　　A. nobody said anything

　　B. they did not get an answer from him

　　C. nothing was said by him

　　D. John nodded his head and left the room

　　A C D

　　現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)語

　　可以用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有hear, see, notice, watch等感官動(dòng)詞。

　　I saw the boy climbing the tree.

　　我看到那個(gè)孩子在爬樹。

　　注：在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中我們也可以用省略to的不定式，I saw the boy climb the tree.現(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行，而不定式表示有這么一回事。

　　過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)語

　　have sth. done或get sth. done表示讓別人做某事。

　　you should have your TV set repaired.

　　你應(yīng)該把你的電視送去修一下。

　　I will go to get my hair cut.

　　我要去理個(gè)發(fā)。

　　1. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _________.

　　A. taking        B. taken        C. took        D. take

　　2. Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship __________ with all kinds of goods.

　　A. loading              B. being loaded

　　C. to be loaded          D. having loaded

　　3. Pierre often makes himself _____ by gesturing with his hands.

　　A. to understand           B. understanding

　　C. to be understood        D. understood

　　B B D

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)

　　一般時(shí)              doing

　　完成時(shí)             having done

　　注意 �。。�！

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)主要用于狀語從句，強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，簡(jiǎn)單地說，當(dāng)狀語從句的時(shí)態(tài)是完成時(shí)，我們?cè)谑÷詴r(shí)，也用分詞的完成時(shí)。

　　After he had waited for long time, he was asked into the office.

　　=Having waited for long time, he was asked into the office.

　　在等了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間之后，他被叫進(jìn)了辦公室。

　　Since I have never been to China I know little about the country.

　　=Never having been to China, I know little about the country.

　　因?yàn)闆]去過中國(guó)，我對(duì)那個(gè)國(guó)家知道的很少。

　　典型例題：

　　______ a reply, he decided to write again.

　　A. Not receiving           B. Receiving not

　　C. Not having received     D. Having not received

　　C 該句是分詞短語做狀語，是從句的省略。Because he hadn't received a reply, he decided to write again. 在書面語時(shí)，我們通常將從句省略，省略because he 將 had 改為having 否定not 通常要置于句首。由于該句強(qiáng)調(diào)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句前，所以用完成時(shí)。語法書上通常稱作現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)。同學(xué)們可以把它看作是一個(gè)完成時(shí)的從句省略。

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)                 being done

　　現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)      having been done

　　現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)和完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，主要用于做狀語和定語。注意下列每對(duì)句子中分詞與從句的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

　　Having been kept indoor for the whole morning , the children became impatient.

　　=As they had been kept indoor for the whole morning the children became impatient.

　　孩子們?cè)谑覂?nèi)呆了一上午，開始坐不住了。

　　I heard the noise of furniture being moved upstairs.

　　=I heard the noise of furniture that was being moved upstairs.

　　我聽到樓上正在搬家具的聲音。

　　Who is the man being operated on?

　　= Who is the man that is being operated on?

　　正在被做手術(shù)的人是誰？（正在進(jìn)行）

　　注：試比較下列句子的不同。

　　Who is the man to operate on a patient tomorrow?

　　= Who is the man that will operate on a patient tomorrow?

　　明天要給病人做手術(shù)的人是誰？（不定式表將來）

　　Who is the man to be operated on tomorrow?

　　=Who is the man that will be operated on tomorrow?

　　明天要被做手術(shù)的那個(gè)人是誰？（不定式的被動(dòng)表示將來的被動(dòng)）

　　Who is the man operated on yesterday?

　　=Who is the man that was operated on yesterday?

　　誰是昨天被做手術(shù)的人？           （過去分詞表示完成被動(dòng)）

　　Who is the man operating on a patient now?

　　=Who is the man that is operating on a patient now?

　　正在給病人做手術(shù)的人是誰？    （現(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)）

　　Who is the man being operated on now?

　　=Who is the man that is being operated on now?

　　正在被做手術(shù)的人是誰？            （現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)表示進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)）

　　典型例題：

　　1._________ anything about the accident, he went to work as well.

　　A. Not know              B. Know not

　　C. Knowing not           D. Not knowing

　　2. Having been served much, ______.

　　A. the problem was discussed by the members of the committee.

　　B. the committee members discussed the problem.

　　C. it was discussed by the committee members the problem.

　　D. a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee

　　3. Having the highest marks in his class, _____.

　　A. the college offered him a scholarship.

　　B. he was offered a scholarship by the college

　　C. a scholarship was offered him by the college

　　D. a college scholarship was offered to him

　　D B B

　　獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

　　獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)看起來很亂，實(shí)際上我們只要把它看成一個(gè)從句的省略，就容易明白了。

　　Because he is ill, he will not go to school.

　　=Being ill, he will not go to school.

　　因?yàn)樗�病了，他不能去上學(xué)。

　　Because his mother is ill, he will not go to school.

　　=His mother being ill, he will not go to school.

　　因?yàn)樗�母親病了，他不能上學(xué)。

　　注：句主從句的主語相同，省略主語后，不會(huì)產(chǎn)生混亂。第二句主從句主語不同，因此應(yīng)保留從句的主語，只將is變?yōu)閎eing,這就是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的意義所在。

　　Her eyes filled with tears, she did not notice his coming.

　　Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.

　　=The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

　　因?yàn)樽詈笠话嘬囈呀?jīng)去了，我們只有走著回家了。

　　The dark clouds had disappeared and the sun shone again.

　　=The dark clouds having disappeared, the sun shone again.

　　烏云散去，太陽又照耀著大地。

　　With the old man _______ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave.

　　A. leading        B. led

　　C. lead                                 D. to be led

　　答案選A。本句包含一個(gè)with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。在分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，分詞的形式的選擇與邏輯主語和謂語動(dòng)作有關(guān)。句中作分詞的動(dòng)詞lead和其邏輯主語the old man是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。

　　= With the old man who led  the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave.

　　1. --Why are they taking all the equipment away?

　　--The job _____, they are packing up to leave.

　　A. it to done     B. did

　　C. was did      D. done

　　2. Classes ________, the students left for home without delay.

　　A. were over          B. being over

　　C. are over          D. over

　　3. This ________, we went out to play.

　　A. was done   B. Did

　　C. was dong   D. done

　　4. _______ all his followers dead, the commander was taken by his enemy.

　　A. For    B. As

　　C. Because of  D. With

　　D B D(A如果we前加上and，才能選A。) D

　　將下列句子中劃線的部分改用分詞短語

　　1. There are long lines of people who are waiting to buy the tickets.

　　2. As soon as the meal was over, we began to work again.

　　3. After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.

　　4. There are nine planets that are running around the sun and the earth is one of them.

　　1. There are long lines of people who are waiting to buy the tickets.

　　1. There are long lines of people waiting to buy the tickets.

　　2. As soon as the meal was over, we began to work again.

　　2. The meal (being) over, we began to work again.

　　3. After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.

　　3.His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.

　　4. There are nine planets that are running around the sun and the earth is one of them.

　　4. There are nine planets running around the sun and the earth is one of them.

　　5. I hate to see the letter that were written in pencil.

　　6. If everything was taken into consideration, the plan, which Tom put forward, seems to be more workable.

　　7. Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.

　　8. A little girl walked past and her hair blew in the air.

　　9. After I talk to you I always feel better.

　　5. I hate to see the letter that were written in pencil.

　　5. I hate to see the letter written in pencil.

　　6. If everything was taken into consideration, the plan, which Tom put forward, seems to be more workable.

　　6. If taken into consideration, the plan which Tom put forward seems to be more workable.

　　7. Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.

　　7. The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

　　8. A little girl walked past and her hair blew in the air.

　　8. A little girl walked past, her hair blowing in the air.

　　9. After I talk to you I always feel better.

　　9. (After) Talking to you ,I always feel better.

　　1. ____ his things, he hurried to the station.

　　A. Having packed up     B. Packed up

　　C. Packing up       D. Being packed up

　　2. The house was very quiet, _______ as it was on the side of a mountain.

　　A. isolated        B. isolating

　　C. being isolated              D. having been isolated

　　3. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____ on benches, chairs or boxes.

　　A. having seated        B. seating

　　C. seated          D. having been

　　4. _______ in all parts of the state, pines松樹are the most common trees in Georgia.

　　A. They found        B. Finding

　　C. Found          D. To find them

　　A A C C

　　5. _______, she might well have become an excellent actress.

　　A. To give the opportunity     B. Giving the opportunity

　　C. Given the opportunity      D. Give the opportunity

　　6. ______ on the road, the driver stopped the car.

　　A. Seen a bomb       B. To see a bomb

　　C. Seeing a bomb     D. After being seen a bomb

　　7. ______ a fine day, we decided to go out for a picnic.

　　A. It was    B. Being       C. What     D. It being

　　8. The human body is composed of organs, each _____ a definite job to do.

　　A. have       B. has        C. to have      D. having

　　C C D D

　　9. _______ from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal.

　　A. Not hearing             B. Not heard

　　C. Having not heard        D. Not having heard

　　10. "It's warmer in here now."

　　"Yes, I had Kate ________ the window."

　　A. closed          B. to close       C. closing       D. close

　　11. _____ by millions every night, television advertisements are a powerful means of communication.

　　A. Being seen   B. Seeing        C. To see       D. Seen

　　12. _______ no homework left, the pupils could do whatever they liked.

　　A. There being                B. There had

　　C. There was     D. There having

　　D D D A