政策解讀
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第一節(jié) 時(shí) 態(tài)
一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常表示習(xí)慣動(dòng)作、一般狀態(tài)、客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理。如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù), 動(dòng)詞后需加s或es。
He always gets up late on Sundays.(習(xí)慣動(dòng)作)
He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.(一般狀態(tài))
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (客觀規(guī)律)
[提示]
在以等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中, 或以if, unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中, 通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back. (as soon as, when, after一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)時(shí))
You’ll succeed if you try you best. (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)時(shí))
二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 也表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行崐的活動(dòng)。表示后一種情況時(shí), 動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行。
They are putting up the scaffolding.(說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作)
Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing. (目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng))
[提示]
1. 并非所有動(dòng)詞都有進(jìn)行時(shí), 有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞通常無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí), 除非這類動(dòng)詞的詞義發(fā)生變化。這類動(dòng)詞有:be, love, like, hate, believe, think, feel, seem等。
Do you see anyone over there? (表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞通常無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí))
Are you seeing someone off? (詞義發(fā)生變化)
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作: 它指按人們的計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或指即將開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作。
I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow. (表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作)
Imagine I’m seeing the Mona Lisa. (表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作)
3. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可用來(lái)給習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作加上贊賞或討厭等感情色彩。
She is always cooking some delicious food for her family. (感情色彩)
He is always finding fault with his employees. (感情色彩)
三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示目前已完成的動(dòng)作或剛剛完成的動(dòng)作, 也可表示從過(guò)去某一刻發(fā)生, 現(xiàn)仍延續(xù)著的動(dòng)作或情況。此時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。
The conference has lasted for five days. (已完成的動(dòng)作)
He’s just bought an nuusual taxi. (剛剛完成的動(dòng)作)
[提示]
1. 當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
此類狀語(yǔ)有up to (till) now, so far, these days, this summer, for…(后接一段時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)), since…等。
We haven’t seen each other again since we graduated in 1987.
2. 句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是用一般過(guò)去時(shí)還是用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要取決于動(dòng)作是否對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。
What did she say about it?
I have lived in Nanjing for 15 years. (對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響)
四、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且一下子就完成的動(dòng)作, 也可表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。一般過(guò)去時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響, 只說(shuō)明過(guò)去。
I had a word with Julia this morning. (一下子就完成的動(dòng)作)
He smoked forty cigarettes a day until he gave up. (習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作)
[提示]
1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或從句連用, 如yesterday, last week, in 1993, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when …等。
2.“used to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示“過(guò)去常常”而現(xiàn)在已停止的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。
He used to work fourteen hours a day. (過(guò)去常常)
另外, 注意區(qū)別“used to”和“be used to”。后者意為“習(xí)慣于…”, to為介詞, 后跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞。
She is used to hard work.
她習(xí)慣于艱苦工作。
五、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 也可表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me his experiences as a young man. (過(guò)去正在發(fā)生)
Bill was coughing all night long. (過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生)
六、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀況。在時(shí)間上, 它屬于“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。在句中常有明顯的參照動(dòng)作或有表示“到過(guò)去某時(shí)為止”的時(shí)間崐狀語(yǔ)。
By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.
They found that a stream had formed in the field.
七、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示某個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況, 也可表示將來(lái)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic. (將來(lái)發(fā)生)
The students will have five English classes per week this term. (將來(lái)反復(fù))
[提示]
be going to, be to, be about to等也可表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 但它們常常表示打算、計(jì)劃、安排和即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。will表示說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為、相信、希望或假定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。
八、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來(lái)時(shí)間時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)正在發(fā)生或持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。其構(gòu)成: will+be+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。
I’ll be reading this time tomorrow. (將來(lái)正在進(jìn)行)
Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.(持續(xù))
九、將來(lái)完成時(shí)
將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)前已完成的動(dòng)作, 它與可用來(lái)表示推測(cè)。
They will have stayed here for five months next week. (將來(lái)完成)
By the end of next month, they will have studied twenty passages. (推測(cè))
十、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)間時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。此動(dòng)作或情況可能已停止, 也可能繼續(xù)下經(jīng)也可表示剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。
I’ve been working for IBM for 15 years.
I’ve been waiting for an hour but she still hasn’t come.
[提示]
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別是: 前者一般表示已結(jié)束的動(dòng)作或情況, 它強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。后者一般表示仍在進(jìn)行或剛剛還在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或情況, 它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性。
I have thought it over.
我已經(jīng)考慮過(guò)這件事了。
I have been thinking it over.
我一直在考慮這件事。
Be carful! Peter have been painting the car.
注意!彼得剛才還在給這部車上油漆。(油漆尚未干)。
Exercies 1 Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences:
1. Even if it _________ this afternoon, I will go there.
A. has rained C. rains B. will rain D. will have rained
2. _________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.
A. He would heave school C. He had left school B. He left school D. He has left school
3. We _________ each other for ten years.
A. had known C. have been knowing B. have known D. know
4. They fulfilled the plan earlier than they _________ .
A. have expected B. expected C. were expecting D. had expected
5. "Will she finish the work soon?" "Yes, she _________ by next Friday."
A. shall finish B. finish C. rains D. will have finished
6. It _________ almost every day so far this month.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining
7. My wife _________ .
A. has forever criticized me B. forever criticizes me C. was forever criticizing me D. is forever criticizing me
8. He _________ in a small workshop, but now he is the head of a big business company.
A. used to working B. was used to work C. used to work D. was used to working
9. My grandmother _________ rural life.
A. has used to B. used to C. is used to D. uses to
10. I _________ my breakfast when the morning post came.
A. has B. had been having C. was having D. have been having
11. I’m glad that Peter decided to come to the party because we _________ him for several years.
A. haven’t seen B. don’t see C. didn’t see D. hadn’t seen
12. The conference _________ a full week by the time it ends.
A. has lasted B. lasts C. will have lasted D. is lasted
13. The computer, working very fast, _________ data at the speed of light.
A. has handled B. handled C. handling D. handles
14. The sun _________ in the east and _________ in the wast.
A. rise, set B. rises, sets C. rose, set D. is rising, is setting
15. Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkings _________ his experience as a young man.
A. was telling B. told C. tell D. is telling
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