We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes.

Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.

Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva (唾液) slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil-smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide (硫化物) .

Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfur-producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic "morning breath".

Alcohol, hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise— anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though it´s not understood why. Some people´s breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.

Saliva flow gradually slows with age. which explains why the elderly have more bad-breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.

For most of us, the simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath.

Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.

Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they don´t necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash unde, thick layers of mucus (粘液). If the mouthwash contains alcohol—as most do—it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.

1. The phrase "emanate from" in Paragraph 1 most probably means .

A. thrive on

B. account for

C. originate from

D. descend from

2. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?

A. Tooth trouble.

B. Sulfur-rich food.

C. Too much exercise.

D. Mental strain.

3. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because .

A. it keeps offending bacteria from reproducing

B. its smell adds to bad breath

C. it kills some helpful bacteria

D. it affects the normal flow of saliva

4. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because .

A. they can´t mask the bad odor long enough

B. they can´t get to all the offending bacteria

C. their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worse

D. they can´t cover the thick layers of mucus

5. We can infer from this passage that .

A. offensive breath can´t easily be cured

B. elderly people are less offended by bad breath

C. heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breath

D. offensive breath is less affected by alcohol

答案：C D D B A