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考研英語范文閱讀模擬試題及答案解析(六)

來源: 時間:2009-04-22 17:38:40
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
  
  For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
  
  The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
  
  Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing. Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
  
  As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word friend, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
  
  55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.
  
 。ˋ)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
  
 。˙)small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
  
 。–)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
  
  (D)most Americans are ready to offer help
  
  56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
  
 。ˋ)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
  
 。˙)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
  
 。–)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
  
 。―)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
  
  57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.
  
 。ˋ)to improve their hard life
  
  (B)in view of their long-distance travel
  
 。–)to add some flavor to their own daily life
  
 。―)out of a charitable impulse
  
  58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________.
  
  (A)tends to be superficial and artificial
  
 。˙)is generally well kept up in the United States
  
 。–)is always understood properly
  
  (D)has something to do with the busy tourist trails
  
  答案及試題解析
  
  55.(D)意為:大部分美國人樂于助人。
  
  文章第一句指出,去過美國的人所帶回的印象總是(consistently):大多數(shù)美國人表現(xiàn)為友好、禮貌、樂于助人。本文從歷史及文化的角度探討了產生這一現(xiàn)象的原因。
  
  A 意為:粗魯?shù)某鲎廛囁緳C在美國罕見。
  
  B 意為:心胸狹窄的官員值得嚴肅的一提(或:應受嚴肅的批評)。
  
  C 意為:加拿大人不如其鄰國(當主要指美國)人民友好。
  
  注意:(A)、(B)、(C)表達的觀點都不是第一段中所提到的訪美者的觀點,第一段的第二、三、四句表達的是本文作者的觀點。在作者看來,公平地講,許多到過加拿大的人對加拿大人也有同感,因此可以說:這是一種北美現(xiàn)象-北美人大都友好、禮貌、樂于助人。同時,在他看來,這種情況也有例外:心胸狹隘的官員、粗魯?shù)氖陶、無禮的出租車司機也不乏其人,但總的來看這并不構成主流。
  
  56.(A)意為:文化影響社會關系。
  
  比較后一段的第一句是全段的主題,該句可譯為:像其他發(fā)達國家一樣,在美國,人際關系的背后是一系列復雜的文化符號、信念和習俗。換言之,美國的文化決定了美國人的行為。
  
  B 意為:禮貌的習慣與個人興趣互相影響。比較后一段第五句可譯為:僅靠在公共汽車上瞬時相遇來區(qū)別禮貌是出自于文化習慣還是個人的興趣是不夠的。根據(jù)本段的主旨和全文的主旨,這句話應該理解為:判斷一個人表現(xiàn)出的禮貌行為究竟僅產生于其個人素質還是產生于文化的熏陶,僅看其個別的、偶然的行為是不行的。換言之,如果他隨時隨地表現(xiàn)為禮讓,或者,如果生活在某一區(qū)域或國家的人都表現(xiàn)為禮讓,那末,你才能判定禮貌行為不是一種個人現(xiàn)象,而是一種社會文化現(xiàn)象。
  
  C 意為:各種美德僅表現(xiàn)在朋友關系中。這一點文章比較后一段沒提到。比較后一段所舉的朋友一詞的例子旨在說明:在不同文化中,相同的概念未必有同一內涵或外延。
  
  D 意為:社會關系等于一系列復雜的文化習俗。根據(jù)該段第一句,二者是決定與被決定關系,并非等同關系。見上文分析。
  
  57.(C)意為;為自己的日常生活增添情趣。
  
  第二段指出,在美國歷史的很長一段時期(即所謂拓荒時代),對許多地區(qū)來說,一個旅行者的到來是很受歡迎的,因為它可以對平時單調的生活起一個調節(jié)(break)作用。離群索居的家庭共同的問題是日常生活的單調與寂寞,陌生人或旅行者的到來可以使他們暫時擺脫這種生活狀況,另外。他們也可以因此獲得外界信息。
  
  A 意為:改善艱苦的生活。根據(jù)上文分析可見,陌生人受歡迎的原因主要是因為他們所帶來的精神效應,而非物質生活效應。第三段提到,拓荒地區(qū)(frontier)的殘酷現(xiàn)實也是形成美國人禮貌傳統(tǒng)的原因。一個孤獨的旅游者有問題自然求助于路邊比較近的居住點,這對旅游者來說不是一個選擇問題(即:他別無選擇),對就近的定居者來說,提供必要的幫助也不僅僅是出于憐憫(charitable impulse)。這反映的是日常生活的嚴酷現(xiàn)實:如果定居者不接收并幫助他,就沒有別人了,另外,有一天定居者本人也可能處于同一境地。
  
  B 意為:考慮到他們所做的長途跋涉。
  
  D 意為:出于憐憫。見上文分析。
  
  58.(B)意為:在美國得以廣泛的保持。
  
  第二、三段探索了形成美國人友善好客傳統(tǒng)的原因之后,第四段指出,雖然現(xiàn)在有許多專門的機構幫助旅行者,但是,友善好客的舊傳統(tǒng)在美國仍根探蒂固,這突出表現(xiàn)在遠離旅游熱線的一些小城市中。本段比較后一句指出,許多美國人隨意表現(xiàn)出的友善不應該被看作是表面或虛假的應酬,而應該看作是一種歷史文化現(xiàn)象。另外,文章比較后一段指出,友善好客是倍受美國人珍視的美德,他們同樣希望鄰國人和其他外國人也表現(xiàn)出這一美德。
  
  A 意為:經常是表面上的、虛假的。見上文分析。
  
  C 意為:總是能被正確理解。相反,第四段指出,許多外國人對美國人的一些友好表示感到不可思議(amazing),這反映了他們對美國歷史文化傳統(tǒng)的不理解。參閱第四段第三、四、五句。
  
  D 意為:與一些旅游熱線有關。不對,見上文分析。
  
  翻譯句子
  
  1、Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
  
  [參考譯文] 陌生人和旅游者是受歡迎的消遣的來源,他們帶來外部世界的新聞。
  
  [結構剖析] 句子的主干結構是 Strangers and travelers were…and brought…。
  
  [閱讀重點] 注意 diversion 在這里的含義是解悶,取樂的事情,消遣,娛樂,而不是轉移,轉向的意思。
  
  2、The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
  
  [參考譯文] 許多美國人的這種隨意的友好態(tài)度不應該被看成是膚淺的或虛假的,而應該被作為一種歷史上發(fā)展而來的文化傳統(tǒng)的結果來解釋。
  
  [結構剖析] 這個句子的主干結構是 The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B…but as C,使用了被動語態(tài)。其中 neither…nor… 結構后用的是同樣詞性的成分:形容詞 superficial 和 artificial。
  
  [閱讀重點] 注意 neither…nor…but 結構的使用:既不是……也不是……而是……,重點在but之后。as the/a result of:作為……的結果,由于……而……。
  
  3、As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
  
  [參考譯文] 就如同在任何一個發(fā)達社會里一樣,在美國,所有社會相互關系下面都隱含著一系列復雜的文化信號、假設和傳統(tǒng)觀念。
  
  [結構剖析] 句子的主干結構是 … cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies…interrelationships。
  
  [閱讀重點] 注意 as 在這里是一個代詞,表示這一情況,這一事實?梢詤⒖家韵碌睦鋪砝斫 as 的用法:The night had turned cold, as is usual around here. 夜晚變得很冷,在這一帶經常如此。
  
  補充難句翻譯
  
  1、There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

  [參考譯文] 當然,例外是存在的。在美國,心胸狹窄的官員,粗魯?shù)氖陶,和沒有禮貌的出租車司機也并不少見。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見,這使得它值得被討論一下。
  
  [結構剖析] 第一個句子使用了 there be 句型,其中 of course 是插入語。第二句是主語+系動詞+表語結構。第三句話中使用了 so…… that 結構:其中 made so frequently 是過去分詞作定語,修飾前面的 observation。

  [閱讀重點] 第一句中的 of course 作插入語,用逗號與句子的其它部分分開,在開始閱讀的時候可以不看。注意第二句話中使用了雙重否定表示肯定:hardly unknown 等于pretty well-known。另外注意 so…that 結構的用法:太……以至于。另外 observation 這里的意思是因觀察而得出的意見。另外 it deserves comment 中的 it 指代前面的 observation。
  
  2、Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn exce to the nearest cabin or settlement.

  [參考譯文] 一個人獨自旅行的時候,如果餓了,受傷了或生病了,除了比較近的小屋或者村落就無處可以投靠了。
  
  [結構剖析] 這是一個簡單句。traveling alone 是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾前面的 someone, if hungry, injured, or ill… 實際上是簡略的 if 引導的狀語從句,相當于 if (he is) hungry, injured, or ill,這里作插入成分。另外 have sth.+動詞不定式 這一結構中的動詞不定式通常是相當于定語部分,修飾前面的 sth.,這里就是:沒有可以投靠(to turn to/動詞不定式)的地方(nowhere/sth.)。
  
  [閱讀重點] 注意 turn to 這里的引申含義是投靠、求助于、求教于的意思。
  
  3、It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.

  [參考譯文] 對于旅行者來說,這不是一個可以有多個選擇的問題,對于村落里的定居者來說,這也不僅僅是一個發(fā)善心的沖動行為。
  
  [結構剖析] 句子的主干 It was not a matter of choice…or merely a charitable impulse…是主語+系動詞+表語結構。表語由并列的兩部分組成,由 or 來連接。
  
  [閱讀重點] on the part of 相當于前面的 for,意思是在……方面、對……而言。
  
  語言點詳解
  
  1. courteous 有禮貌的

  [大綱詞匯] courtesy n.謙恭有禮,有禮貌的舉止(或言詞)

  [衍生詞匯] courteous a.謙恭有禮的,殷勤的

  [經典例句] His boss is genuinely courteous to his subordinates.
  
  2. to be fair 公平地說

  [經典例句] To be fair,his success owes much to his wife's help.
  
  3. exception 特例

  [大綱詞匯] exception n.例外,除外 with the exception of 除……之外

  [經典例句] His brothers are all very tall,but he is an exception.
  
  4. small-minded 心胸狹窄的

  [擴充詞匯] small-minded a.心胸狹隘的,眼界小的;固執(zhí)己見的

  [聯(lián)想記憶] far-sighted a.有遠見的 clear-headed a.頭腦清楚的
  
  5. ill-mannered 無禮的

  [擴充詞匯] ill-mannered a.無禮的,舉止粗魯?shù)?br />  
  6. be hardly known 幾乎無人知道

  [經典例句] The truth of the incident was hardly know to anyone.
  
  7. break 中止

  [大綱詞匯] break n.打斷,中止;中間休息

  [經典例句] We have a study break of four days every semester.
  
  8. otherwise 不然

  [大綱詞匯] otherwise ad.另樣地,用別的方法;在其他方面;conj.要不然,否則

  [經典例句] He reminded me what I should have otherwise forgotten.
  
  9. existence 生活

  [大綱詞匯] existence n.存在,實在;生存,生活(方式)

  [經典例句] They are working for a better existence.
  
  10. live distant from 住得離…很遠

  [經典例句] He lives distant from his other relatives.
  
  11. diversion 消遣

  [大綱詞匯] diversion n.轉向,轉移

  [擴充詞義] diversion n.消遣,娛樂

  [經典例句] Big cities have a lot of diversions.
  
  12. harsh 嚴酷的

  [擴充詞匯] harsh a.粗糙的,難聽的,嚴厲的,嚴酷的 harshness n.粗糙,嚴酷,嚴厲

  [經典例句] Their adaptiveness came from coping with harsh conditions.
  
  13. the frontier(美國)靠近未開發(fā)地區(qū)的已開發(fā)地區(qū)

  [大綱詞匯] frontier n.國境,邊境;尖端,新領域
  
  14. hospitality 好客

  [大綱詞匯] hospitality n.好客,殷勤,款待  

  [衍生詞匯] hospitable a.好客的,殷勤的

  [經典例句] We were deeply moved by the hospitality of the farmers.
  
  15. settlement 定居點

  [大綱詞匯] settlement n.解決,決定,調停;居留區(qū),住宅區(qū)

  [經典例句] Israelis and Palestinians have serious disputes over Israeli new settlements.
  
  16. injured 受傷的

  [大綱詞匯] injure v.損害,傷害,損傷

  [衍生詞匯] injured a.受損害的,受傷的

  [經典例句] He found his injured finger caused a lot of trouble.
  
  17. charitable 樂善好施的

  [大綱詞匯] charity n.慈善(團體),仁慈,施舍

  [衍生詞匯] charitable a.慈悲的,仁愛的,慷慨施舍的

  [經典例句] He always takes part in charitable activities.
  
  18. impulse 沖動

  [大綱詞匯] impulse v.推動; n.推動;沖動,刺激

  [經典例句] She tried to repress the impulse to dial his number.
  
  19. on the part of 就…而言;在…一邊

  [經典例句] He expressed appreciation on the part of his classmates.
  
  20. take in 收留

  [大綱詞匯] take in 接受,吸收;了解,理解;欺騙

  [經典例句] Andy took in a stray dog.
  
  21. take care of 照料

  [大綱詞匯] take care of 照料,照顧;承擔,處理,負責

  [經典例句] He asked his girl friend to take care of his dog while he went away for business.
  
  22. specialize in 專門從事

  [經典例句] The company specialize in car manufacture.
  
  23. weary 疲倦的

  [大綱詞匯] weary a.疲倦的;令人厭煩的;v.使疲倦,使厭倦

  [經典例句] The pilot was extremely weary with the long time flying.
  
  24. travel through 經過

  [經典例句] I was travelling through when I saw the accident.
  
  25. amazing 令人驚訝的

  [大綱詞匯] amaze v.使驚奇,使驚愕,使驚嘆 amazing a.令人驚訝的

  [經典例句] The acrobatic show was amazing to all of us.
  
  26. superficial 表面的

  [大綱詞匯] superficial a.表面的,膚淺的,淺薄的

  [經典例句] We were not satisfied with the superficial explanation of the incident.
  
  27. artificial 矯揉造作的

  [大綱詞匯] artificial a.人工的,人造的;認為的,矯揉造作的

  [經典例句] She was wearing an artificial smile when appearing at the door.
  
  28. the result of ……的結果

  [大綱詞匯] result n.結果,成果,成績v.(in)導致,結果是;(from)起因于,因…而造成 as a result 結果,因此 as a result of 由于……的結果

  [經典例句] We regard our failure as the result of his carelessness.
  
  29. a set of 一套

  [經典例句] We expect that a set of rules and regulations will be drawn up.
  
  30. convention 習俗

  [大綱詞匯] convention n.大會,會議;慣例,常規(guī),習俗;公約,協(xié)定

  [經典例句] Convention now permits women to wear more colorful clothing.
  
  31. underlie 潛存于…之下

  [大綱詞匯] underlying a.含蓄的,潛在的;在下面的

  [衍生詞匯] underlie v.引起,潛存于…之下

  [經典例句] Many facts underlay my decision.
  
  32. interrelationship 互相之間的關系

  [構詞方法] inter-前綴,表示互相,在…之間

  [聯(lián)想記憶] interact v.互相作用 interdependent a.互相依賴的
  
  33. draw conclusion 下結論

  [經典例句] He drew the final conclusion through careful analysis.
  
  34. distinguish 分辨

  [大綱詞匯] distinguish v.(from)區(qū)分,辨別;辨認出;使杰出

  [經典例句] It is very hard to distinguish the two colors.
  
  35. keep up 保持

  [大綱詞匯] keep up 保持,維持;繼續(xù)進行,堅持

  [經典例句] The lady always keep up her genuine warmth to people.
  
  全文翻譯
  
  去美國訪問的人經常帶回報告說,大多數(shù)美國人對他們友善、好客、樂于助人。公正的說,人們對加拿大人也有這樣的評論,因而,應當認為這是北美普遍的現(xiàn)象。當然也有例外。在美國,心胸狹隘的官員,舉止粗魯?shù)恼写秃翢o禮貌的出租車司機也并非罕見。盡管有不如意的地方,但因為人們常常得出美國人好客的觀察意見,因而也就值得議論一番了。
  
  過去很長一段時間,在美國很多地方,旅行者的到來因暫時打破原本的單調生活而受人歡迎。無聊、孤獨是居住相對遙遠的家庭的普遍問題。陌生人和旅行者很受歡迎,他們帶來了娛樂消遣,還帶來了外面世界的消息。
  
  開拓者的嚴酷生活現(xiàn)實也促成了這一好客的傳統(tǒng)。單獨旅行時,如果挨餓、受傷或生病,通常只能向比較近的小屋或村落求助。對旅行者來說,這不是一個選擇的問題;而對當?shù)鼐用駚碚f,這也并非是行善的一時沖動。它反映了日常生活的嚴酷:如果你不收留他,那他便無處求助了。請記住,有一天你也可能處于相同的境遇。
  
  如今,有了很多的慈善組織專門幫助疲憊的旅行者。不過,熱情接待陌生人的傳統(tǒng)在美國仍然很盛行,尤其是在遠離旅游熱線的小城鎮(zhèn)。我只是路過,和這個美國人聊了聊。很快,他就請我到他家吃飯-這真令人驚奇。來美國的旅客談論此類事件很普遍,但并非總能得到正確理解。很多美國人不經意表現(xiàn)的友好不應被看做是表面或虛假的應酬,而應該看成是文化傳統(tǒng)的歷史發(fā)展結果。
  
  同任何發(fā)達國家一樣,一系列復雜的文化特征,信念和習俗構成了美國所有社會交往的基礎。當然,會講一種語言并不意味著就理解該語言的社會和文化模式。不能正確詮釋文化含義的旅行者往往得出錯誤的結論。例如,美國人所說的朋友一詞,其文化含義可能與旅行者語言和文化中的朋友大相徑庭。要想正確區(qū)分禮貌是出于文化習俗還是個人興趣,單憑一次公共汽車上的偶遇是不夠的。不過,友好是很多美國人推崇的美德,同時希望鄰居和陌生人也能如此。

結束

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