1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

   [參考譯文] 美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟(jì)為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中，消費(fèi)者很大程度上通過在市場(chǎng)上為那些他們比較想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費(fèi)來決定什么應(yīng)該被制造出來。

   2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

   [參考譯文] 因此，在美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中，個(gè)體消費(fèi)者的需求與商人試圖比較大化其利潤(rùn)的欲望和個(gè)人想比較大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合，一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制造，以及資源如何被用來制造它們。

   3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

   [參考譯文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降，那么這就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給，而這也就會(huì)反過來降低價(jià)格并允許更多的消 費(fèi)者購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品。

   4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

   [參考譯文] 在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對(duì)生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán)，也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利，如確定一個(gè)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和與另一個(gè)私人個(gè)體(經(jīng)濟(jì)單位) 自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。

   5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.

   [參考譯文] 同時(shí)這些計(jì)算機(jī)記錄下哪些時(shí)間是比較忙的，哪些員工工作效率比較高，這樣就能相應(yīng)地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計(jì)算機(jī))也能為促銷活動(dòng)找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的顧客。

   6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

   [參考譯文] 不計(jì)其數(shù)的其他商業(yè)企業(yè)，從劇院到雜志出版商，從公用燃?xì)怆娏υO(shè)施到牛奶處理廠，都通過計(jì)算機(jī)的使用給消費(fèi)者帶來更好、更有效率的服務(wù)。

   7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

   [參考譯文] 殘疾兒童在許多關(guān)鍵方面都與其同齡人不同。為了讓這些孩子發(fā)展其全部的成人后的潛能，他們的教育必須適應(yīng)這些不同。

   8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

   [參考譯文] 在過去的30年中，公共教育中顯示的對(duì)殘疾兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了我們社會(huì)中的一種中強(qiáng)烈的情緒，那就是所有的公民，不管其情況有多特殊，都應(yīng)享有充分發(fā)展其能力的機(jī)會(huì)。

   9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.

   [參考譯文] 它(廣告)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價(jià)格被迅速分銷出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，同時(shí)也使以具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格提供出口變得可能。

   10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.

   [參考譯文] 除去議會(huì)有27件法案來規(guī)范廣告的條件，沒有任何一個(gè)正式的廣告商敢于推銷一種商品卻不能兌現(xiàn)其在廣告中的承諾。

   11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.

   [參考譯文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就廣告而言，如果這不是完全不可能達(dá)到的，也是非常難做的，因?yàn)榧幢闶且粋�(gè)諸如襯衫的顏色的選擇這樣的細(xì)節(jié)都會(huì)具有微妙的說服意味，那么廣告就會(huì)如此地乏味以至于沒有人 會(huì)關(guān)注它。

   12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.

   [參考譯文] 得到了升遷的工人們，成績(jī)進(jìn)步的學(xué)生，學(xué)會(huì)了一門新語言的外國(guó)人一 一這些都是那些有可衡量的結(jié)果宋顯示其努力的人們的例證。

   13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

   [參考譯文] 隨著家庭離開他們?cè)瓉矸�(wěn)定的社區(qū)，離開他們多年的朋友和擴(kuò)展的家庭關(guān)系，非正式的信息流動(dòng)被切斷了，隨之而去的是對(duì)在需要時(shí)能獲得可靠和值得信賴的信息的信心。

   14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.

   [參考譯文] 現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人能夠得到的信息比任何時(shí)代的人都多，而找到與他／她的特定問題相關(guān)的那一點(diǎn)信息的任務(wù)不僅復(fù)雜、耗時(shí)，有時(shí)甚至令人難以招 。

   15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.

   [參考譯文] 通過遠(yuǎn)程會(huì)議，專家知識(shí)可以在全世界范圍內(nèi)被分享，而爭(zhēng)論的問題能夠得到解決，同時(shí)相關(guān)人員也不必離開他們的家庭或工作跑到一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的開會(huì)地點(diǎn)。

   16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.

   [參考譯文] 現(xiàn)在這種讓孩子們和其同學(xué)或時(shí)間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的熱情導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)雙層結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)里面善于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的A類好像在某個(gè)方面要比他們B類的同輩更勝一籌。

   17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

   [參考譯文] 在跟你談話的時(shí)候，可能成為你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、經(jīng) 驗(yàn)和其他資格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一種有條不紊而且合情合理的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方式被展示出來。

   18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.

   [參考譯文] 英國(guó)廣播公司將作為一個(gè)公共基金支持的廣播組織存在下來，至少目前會(huì)這樣，但是它的角色、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目現(xiàn)在在英國(guó)成了全國(guó)上下的討論話題。

   19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

   [參考譯文] 這場(chǎng)辯論是由政府發(fā)動(dòng)的，政府請(qǐng)任何一個(gè)對(duì)英國(guó)廣播公司有意見的人一包括普通的聽眾和觀眾一來說說這個(gè)公司好在哪里或壞在哪里，甚至要說說他們是否認(rèn)為這個(gè)公司值得被保留下來。

   20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

   [參考譯文] 這種變化通過引入許多的專業(yè)因素從而適應(yīng)了這個(gè)新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求， 并且它(這種變化)防止了效率的降低。這種效率的降低在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代人(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)公司)的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常會(huì)毀掉那些家族公司的財(cái)富。

   21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

   [參考譯文] 這樣巨大而非個(gè)人的對(duì)資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的操縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他 們作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的重要性，這是國(guó)家生活中代表不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富的一個(gè)因素，這種財(cái)富不但遠(yuǎn)離了土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任，而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c公司的負(fù)責(zé)任的管理毫無關(guān)系。

   22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

   [參考譯文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的"舒 適"階級(jí)提供居住場(chǎng)所。這些人依賴于其豐厚收入而不工作，他們除了 分紅和偶爾參加一下股東大會(huì)，向管理層口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社會(huì)的其他階層毫無瓜葛。

   23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.

   [參考譯文] 這樣的"股東"對(duì)他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無所知，而且他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系都不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

   24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

   [參考譯文] 代表公司的花錢雇來的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接，但是就連 他對(duì)工人們也沒有那種熟識(shí)的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長(zhǎng)式的制度下的雇主們卻常常對(duì)他們的工人有 這樣的私人關(guān)系。

   25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.

   [參考譯文] 在許多形成因素當(dāng)中，我將挑選出這些：這個(gè)國(guó)家優(yōu)秀的小學(xué)教育：歡 迎新技術(shù)的勞動(dòng)者們：獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)發(fā)明者的做法；而且比較重要的是美國(guó)人在對(duì) 那些技術(shù)性事物的非言語的、"空間性的"思考方面的天賦。

   26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist".

   [參考譯文] 正如尤金•弗格森所指出的那樣："一個(gè)技術(shù)專家思考那些不能被簡(jiǎn)化成 能被清楚的語言描述的東西。這些東西在他的思維中是通過一種視覺的、 非語言表述的過程宋處理的……設(shè)計(jì)者和發(fā)明者……能夠在他們的腦中裝配并操作那些還不存在的裝置。"

   27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea".

   [參考譯文] 羅伯特•法歐特曾經(jīng)這樣寫到："一個(gè)技師會(huì)坐在杠桿、螺絲釘、楔子、 輪子等等當(dāng)中，就像一個(gè)詩(shī)人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把這些字母看成自己思想的展示，在這樣的展示中，每種新的次序安排都傳達(dá)了--種新 的思想。"

   28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.

   [參考譯文] 在比較后三章中，他脫下手套，將神造論者好好地揍了一頓。他描述了他 們的活動(dòng)和戰(zhàn)術(shù)，而且，對(duì)于那些對(duì)神造論者的做事方式刁；熟悉的人來說，神造論者的欺騙和扭曲事實(shí)的程度可能會(huì)令這些人有一種不快的詫異。

   29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

   [參考譯文] 在這本杰出的書的外紙封面上，史蒂芬•杰伊•古爾德寫道："這本書本 身就代表理性。"而它確實(shí)是這樣的--而且如果理性成為神造論／地化論之間的辯論中的惟一評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話，一切就都好辦了。

   30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

   [參考譯文] 經(jīng)過了六個(gè)月的爭(zhēng)論以及比較后16個(gè)小時(shí)激烈的議會(huì)辯論，澳大利亞北 部地區(qū)成了世界上第一個(gè)允許醫(yī)生終止希望死去的絕癥病人生命的立法當(dāng)局。

   31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.

   [參考譯文] 一些機(jī)構(gòu)終于松了一口氣，但是其他一些機(jī)構(gòu)，包括教堂，倡導(dǎo)生命之 權(quán)的團(tuán)體和澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)，尖銳地抨擊這個(gè)法案，指責(zé)法案的通過過于匆忙。但是大勢(shì)已定，不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。

   32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

   [參考譯文] 在澳大利亞--人口老齡化，延長(zhǎng)壽命的技術(shù)和變化看的社會(huì)態(tài)度，這 些因素都在發(fā)揮作用一一其他的州也會(huì)考慮制定相似的關(guān)于安樂死的法律。