寫作練習(xí)：

　　簡(jiǎn)單句

　　1. 金錢不等于快樂。

　　2. 中國女排在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上所取得的勝 利對(duì)中國人民是一個(gè)巨大的鼓舞。

　　3. 許多左撇子不得不培養(yǎng)自己在一個(gè)由右撇子們所主導(dǎo)的世界里生活的技能。

　　4. 在北美定居下來的白人實(shí)際上并不是第一個(gè)來到新大陸的移民。

　　5. 參與太空探索的能力代表了一個(gè)國家的科技和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的水平。

　　Money doesn’t ensure/guarantee happiness.

　　The victory of Chinese women’s volleyball team at the Olympic Games was a great inspiration to all Chinese people.

　　Many left-handed people have to learn to develop skills to live in a world dominated by right-handed people.

　　White people settling down in the North America were actually not the first immigrants to the New World.

　　The ability to take part in space exploration represents the level of a nation’s scientific and economic development.

　　并列句

　　1. A person stuck in an unhappy marriage faces only two options: stay married and miserable, or get divorced and, hopefully, become happy.

　　2. In the past three decades, many countries have formulated laws and regulations to protect animals from being abused or killed, and many have set up reservation areas to protect endangered animals.

　　3. For the rich, good education, travel, luxury and security are all readily available, while the poor attain these with great difficulty, if at all.

　　4．The more we find out about the universe, the more confused we seem to become.

　　復(fù)合句

　　1. Films that involve too much violence are harmful to young people.

　　2. Some people may be addicted to netsurfing, which impairs their physical and mental health.

　　3. The argument that human cloning may have great medical significance is totally unacceptable.

　　4. Whether you plan to stay for a week or for a year in a new place, you will benefit from learning about the place before you go.

　　5. Laughter is rightly called the best medicine as it relieves not only the one who laughs, but those around him as well.

　　寫作操練（英文見講義范文第一部分）

　　1. 載人航天飛機(jī)神州五號(hào)的成功發(fā)射及返回既是國家榮譽(yù)的一個(gè)象征，也是先進(jìn)的科技能力的標(biāo)志，這對(duì)我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展無疑會(huì)產(chǎn)生促進(jìn)作用。

　　2. 我們都知道，中國還是一個(gè)發(fā)展中的國家，其教育水平仍然落后于發(fā)達(dá)國家。不少中國年青人由于教育設(shè)施的匱乏而得不到接受高等教育的機(jī)會(huì)。

　　3. 人道是驕兵必?cái)�。就拿拿破侖和希特勒（Napoleon and Hitler）來說吧，他們所想披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。

　　4. 常言道，好的開端是成功的一半。在求職時(shí)，求職者事先做好充分的準(zhǔn)備是非常重要的。我認(rèn)為，事先做不做準(zhǔn)備常常會(huì)影響求職者的成功機(jī)會(huì)。

　　5. 首先，大量閱讀應(yīng)被視作學(xué)習(xí)過程中的重點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲覀兪峭ㄟ^閱讀獲取比較大量語言輸入的。其次，盡可能多背熟一些好文章也十分重要。大腦中儲(chǔ)存了大量很好的文章，我們?cè)谟糜⒄Z表達(dá)自己思想的時(shí)候，就會(huì)覺得容易多了。

　　6. 比較后，我們應(yīng)把所學(xué)到的東西用到實(shí)踐中去，這是至關(guān)重要的。

　　閱讀部分

　　94

　　Pass 1

　　orient：東方（the ~）；定。。。方向（方位）Our firm is oriented towards the export side of the business.

　　Schools have to change their management and reorient their mission and vision so as to improve the quality of education.

　　couple：be ~d with (The name of Mozart is coupled with the city of Salzburg. / The bad light, coupled with the wet ground, made play very difficult.)

　　relative to：相對(duì)于；關(guān)于或涉及某事物的the facts ~ the problem

　　bid：投標(biāo)，喊價(jià)；吩咐，命令 Several firms have bid for the contract to build the new concert hall. / The Bible, in bidding us to feed the hungry and clothe the naked, said nothing about color.

　　regulate：控制管理The valve ~s the flow of water. The activities of credit companies are ~d by law. -----deregulate 撤銷管制

　　property：財(cái)產(chǎn)；不動(dòng)產(chǎn)；特性，性質(zhì) She invested her money in property (real estate). Certain plants have medicinal properties.

　　Pass 2

　　issue： 發(fā)行，發(fā)表，期號(hào)；問題，爭(zhēng)端（The self-examination has involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and corporate bottom line.）

　　credit：賒購No credit is given at this shop.；相信，信任（The rumor is gaining ~.）；稱贊（He got all the ~ for this discovery.）；學(xué)分gain credits in Math

　　scatter：(使)散開；散布The police scattered the crowd. (---scattered分散的，稀疏的 a few scattered settlements)

　　personnel：（pl）人員，職員 Airline personnel can purchase flight tickets at reduced prices.

　　staff：雇員，全體職員(屬某人管的)The ~ in this shop are very helpful.

　　為。。。配備人員：The school is ~ed entirely by graduates.(該校學(xué)生都是大學(xué)畢業(yè)生)

　　accordingly：相應(yīng)地 I have told you what the situation is; you must act accordingly.

　　promote：提升His assistant was promoted over his head.；增進(jìn)The organization works to promote friendship between nations. 促銷 a publicity campaign to promote her new book.

　　utility：實(shí)用，效用the ~ value of ； 公用事業(yè)單位。

　　Pass 3

　　potential：n. 潛力 She has artistic ~ as an artist.

　　可能性 She studied the German market to find the ~ there for profitable investment.

　　capability 能力

　　capacity：容納某事的能力 a hall with a seating capacity of 2000；生產(chǎn)力 factories working at full capacity；理解學(xué)習(xí)的能力

　　Pass 4

　　drive：v. 驅(qū)動(dòng)，迫使…行動(dòng)A man driven by jealousy is capable of anything. n. 干勁，魄力 Our salespeople need determination and drive.

　　initiate：開始實(shí)施，開始 ~ plans, schemes, social reforms

　　counteract：對(duì)抗，抵消 ～ the effects of a poison, sb’s bad influence

　　---counter-attack

　　---counterpart：The sales director phoned her counterpart in the other firm.

　　Pass 5

　　laborious：艱苦的，費(fèi)力的 a laborious task

　　otherwise：adv. 不同地 He should have been working, but he was ~ engaged. adj. 不這樣，并非如此（見本文） conj. 不然的話，否則 We must run, ~ we’ll be too late.

　　alternate：交替，輪流（~ work with play）；間隔的

　　第三周

　　寫作部分

　　上午

　　十幾年前，手機(jī)只是少數(shù)人才能使用的奢侈品，但現(xiàn)在手機(jī)已很普遍。手機(jī)的快速普及也許是我們時(shí)代的偉大奇跡之一。

　　More than a decade ago, the mobile phone was a luxury for only a few, but now it is very common. The rapid spread of the mobile phone is perhaps one of the great miracles of our time.

　　然而，外表可能具有欺騙性。就我而言，我覺得，認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)人的時(shí)間越長，就越覺得困惑。

　　Appearances, however, can be deceptive. For my own part I find that the longer I know people, the more they puzzle me.

　　…the longer I know a person, the more I’ll be puzzled.

　　隨著當(dāng)今世界生活節(jié)奏日益加快，我們似乎一直在不停奔忙。事情那么多，時(shí)間卻那么少，我們?cè)撛趺崔k？

　　As the pace of life in today’s world grows ever faster, we seem forever on the go. With so much to do and so little time to do it in, how are we to cope?

　　他還說，在一個(gè)多元化（plural）社會(huì)里，我們必須重視人際關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)合作，多從他人視角考慮問題。如果某些群體自視高人一籌，不尊重其他種族或宗教，那么整個(gè)社會(huì)有可能陷入癱瘓。

　　He argues that in a plural society we must attach importance to interpersonal relationships, cooperation, and look at issues from the perspective of other people. If some groups regard themselves as superior and treat other ethnic groups or religions with disrespect, the whole society may be paralyzed.

　　許多年前，在美國，家家戶戶白天黑夜不鎖門是司空見慣的。但現(xiàn)在人們經(jīng)常嘆息，人們不再相互信任，不得不憑借精密的安全系統(tǒng)來保護(hù)自己和自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

　　Years ago in America, it was customary for families to leave their doors unlocked, day and night. But now one often regrets that people can no longer trust each other and have to resort to elaborate security systems to protect themselves and their possessions.

　　下午

　　衰老研究領(lǐng)域的一些權(quán)威專家現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為，定期鍛煉加上適當(dāng)?shù)男菹⒛茉黾訅勖��?/P>

　　Some of the leading experts in the field of aging now believe that regular exercise along with the proper amount of rest may actually add years to the life span.

　　用我父母的話說，他們的童年和我的童年真有天壤之別。讓當(dāng)今年輕人不可思議的是，他們很少下館子，或者去某個(gè)風(fēng)景點(diǎn)旅游度假。

　　In my parents’ words, the difference between their childhood and mine is as vast as that between heaven and earth. What is unbelievable to young people today is that they seldom dined out in a restaurant, or traveled to a scenic spot for a holiday.

　　有些人認(rèn)為，他們之所以工作是為了謀生。他們說，他們很羨慕那些不工作的人，他們夢(mèng)想著過一種整天玩而不必工作的生活，無休止的放假渡假的生活。但是，難道錢真的是我們工作的唯一或主要的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素嗎？

　　Some people think they work because they have to make a living. They say they envy people who don’t have to work. They dream about a life of all play and no work, a life of endless vacations and holidays. But is it true that money is the only, or the main motivating power that drives us to work ?

　　我不得不寫這封信打擾您，但我相信您應(yīng)該知道您的狗Rusty老是來我家找麻煩。如果您能想法別再讓Rusty進(jìn)入我家的院子，我將非常感激。

　　I have to disturb you with this letter, but I am sure you would want to know that your dog Rusty has been wandering onto my property and creating some problems. I would greatly appreciate your doing whatever you can to keep Rusty from getting into our yard.

　　麥克的母親對(duì)兒子的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度很傷腦筋。當(dāng)她看著他的時(shí)候，他假裝在溫習(xí)課堂筆記，一旦不管他，他要么泡在電腦游戲中，要么就上床睡覺。也許，對(duì)待他的教育，該考慮采用一個(gè)更有效的方法了。

　　Mike’s mother is really bugged by her son’s attitude to learning. When she is keeping an eye on him, he makes like he is going over class notes. Once he is left alone, he will either be hooked on computer games or simply go to bed. Maybe it is time she adopts a more effective approach to his education.

　　閱讀部分

　　95年

　　pass3

　　facilitate：使便利，使更容易――facility（復(fù)）設(shè)備設(shè)施便利條件sports ~ies; shopping ~ies

　　up-to-date：——outdated

　　access to：接近、靠近（引申）The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields. / Only high officials had access to the president.

　　pass4

　　sport：夸示炫耀 sport a moustache, a diamond ring；嬉戲玩耍 seals sporting in the water

　　proportionate：成比例的，與某事物相稱的 The price increases are proportionate to the increases in the costs of production. ——disproportionate

　　desirable：值得有的，稱心如意的

　　a desirable residence/neighborhood/solution/lady

　　preoccupation（超）：~ with全神貫注于/如癡如迷于（如文）；心里總想著的事 A pension is not usually one of the ~s of an eighteen year-old.

　　pass 5

　　evolutionary interpretation進(jìn)化論詮釋

　　natural selection自然選擇

　　adaptive適應(yīng)性

　　adaptive flexibility靈活的適應(yīng)

　　relief：（痛苦、困苦、憂慮等的）減輕解除The drug gives some relief from pain./ I breathed a sigh of relief when I heard that he was safe. /Much to my relief, I wasn’t late. /It is a great relief to find you here. ——relieve

　　suffer：遭受苦頭；變壞，變差，變?cè)鉟our studies will suffer if you play too much tennis.

　　96年

　　pass1

　　routine：固定而有規(guī)則的程序，常規(guī)She found it difficult to establish a new ~ after retirement.

　　account：戶頭，帳戶open/close an ~；敘述，報(bào)告 She gave the police a full ~ of the incident.

　　ware：(pl)商品（常指不在店里的）display / peddle one’s wares

　　regarding：=with reference to / concerning關(guān)于 She said nothing regarding your request.

　　pass2

　　cover(age)：（新聞?dòng)浾撸﹫?bào)道 ~ the Labor Party’s annual conference

　　subscribe (to)：訂閱，訂購 Which journal do you ~ ?；贊成 Do you ~ the pessimistic view of the state of the economy?

　　pass3

　　liability：責(zé)任義務(wù) ～ for military service；(復(fù))債務(wù) assets & liabilities

　　---liable：be ~ for負(fù)法律責(zé)任；~ to do sth 易于… We are all ~ make mistakes when tired.

　　engage：聘用She was engaged as an interpreter. 占用（時(shí)間），吸引（注意力）Nothing engages his attention for long. / The woman’s plight engaged our sympathy. ----I have no time to engage in gossip. ---be engaged with

　　spoil：破壞，糟蹋 holidays spoilt by bad weather. / Don’t spoil your appetite by eating sweets between meals. 寵壞 That little girl is terribly spoilt.

　　impersonal：不帶有個(gè)人情感的 ——interpersonal relationship

　　detach：拆開，分開detach a link from the chain。 -detached超然的，冷靜的her detached response to the crisis -attach：attach a label to the luggage；attach importance to

　　spring up：迅速或突然出現(xiàn)、發(fā)生weeds springing up everywhere / New houses were springing up all over the town.

　　discipline：訓(xùn)練磨練Strict discipline is imposed on army recruits.；

　　紀(jì)律作風(fēng)The children are happy at school, but they lack discipline.

　　處罰（見文）；

　　學(xué)科scientific disciplines

　　pass 4

　　renew：重新做，恢復(fù) We renewed our journey the next day.；續(xù)期，延長 renew a passport/permit/lease/contract, renew one’s library books, renew one’s subscription to a journal.

　　take to：逐漸慣于做… take to sleeping late / He took to gardening in his retirement.

　　reduce…to…：使陷入某種狀態(tài)The reform has reduced us all to servants of the State. Overwork has reduced him to a physical wreck.. The earthquake reduced the whole town to rubble. 將概括或簡(jiǎn)化為某形式reduce a problem to two main issues

　　pass 5

　　第四周

　　寫作部分

　　上午

　　人道是驕兵必?cái)�。就拿拿破侖和希特勒（Napoleon and Hitler）來說吧，他們所想披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪戰(zhàn)士(icy defender)證明他們錯(cuò)了。

　　They say that pride comes before a fall. In the case of both Napoleon and Hitler, they won many victories, which led them to believe that anything was possible and that nothing could stand in their way. But Russia’s icy defender proved them wrong.

　　干挨家挨戶上門推銷這一營生得臉皮厚，這是因?yàn)楦蛇@一行不僅要經(jīng)受風(fēng)吹日曬，還要承受一次又一次的閉門羹。

　　Making a living as a door-to-door salesman demands a thick skin, both to protect against the weather and against constantly having the door shut in your face.

　　美國是否會(huì)如同歷史上其他強(qiáng)國一樣走向衰亡？作者持否定態(tài)度，認(rèn)為美國創(chuàng)建的社會(huì)模式不同于任何已出現(xiàn)的社會(huì)模式。

　　Is America going to decline like other great powers (nations) in history ? The author thinks not, arguing that the type of society created in America is quite unlike any that has gone before it.

　　常言道，好的開端是成功的一半。在求職時(shí)，求職者事先做好充分的準(zhǔn)備是非常重要的。我認(rèn)為，事先做不做充分準(zhǔn)備顯然會(huì)影響求職者的成功機(jī)會(huì)。

　　Well begun is half done, as the saying goes. It is extremely important for a job applicant to make sufficient preparations while seeking employment. From my standpoint, whether or not one has prepared adequately clearly makes a difference in (affects) his chance of success.

　　在美國，許多人擁有手槍。有人為了自衛(wèi)買槍，如Gail Smith。另外一些人則拒絕這樣做，比如她的許多朋友，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為，槍支引發(fā)的問題比解決的更多。以前Gail與她的朋友們持有相同的觀點(diǎn)，但比較終她改變了看法。

　　Many people in America own handguns. Some, like Gail Smith, buy a gun for self-defense. Others, like her friends, refuse to do so because they think that guns cause more problems than they solve. Gail used to share her friends’ views, but eventually changed her mind.

　　下午

　　工作提供的不只是經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的安全。它給人們帶來自信；當(dāng)人們?cè)斐隽艘患�具有挑�?zhàn)性的作品并且能夠說，“我造了它”時(shí)，他們會(huì)有一種滿足感。心理學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，工作賦予人們以身份；通過參與工作，他們得到一種自我和個(gè)體的感覺。

　　Work offers more than financial security. It provides people with self-confidence; they have a feeling of satisfaction when they have produced a challenging piece of work and are able to say, “ I made that.” Psychologists claim that work gives people an identity; through participation in work, they get a sense of self and individualism.

　　很顯然，真正的友誼必然是真誠的、無條件的，它應(yīng)該建立在相互理解，而不是相互利用上。同樣，真正的友誼總能給我們帶來一種安全、溫暖的感覺，能激勵(lì)我們前進(jìn)，而虛假的友誼會(huì)在我們成功時(shí)利用我們，而當(dāng)我們陷于困境時(shí)拋棄我們。

　　It is clear that true friendship must be sincere and unconditional. It should be based on mutual understanding, not on mutual benefit. Also, true friendship can always give us a feeling of security, and warmth, and encourage us to make progress while false friendship will take advantage of us when we are crowned with success, or desert us when we are in deep waters.

　　中國家庭生活中的變化反映了我們國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。如果沒有整個(gè)國家的繁榮，我們的家庭生活很可能與以前一樣。大家都會(huì)贊同我的看法，時(shí)代變了，是變得更好了。

　　The changes in Chinese family life mirror the economic development of our country. Without the prosperity of the whole country, our family life would probably be just the same as before. Times have changed, and changed, most would surely agree with me, for the better.

　　我寫信是想告訴您，我是多么感激您在我的兒子Robert上周四扭傷腳腕時(shí)幫助他。在這樣一個(gè)痛苦時(shí)刻有人給予他安慰和照顧，這對(duì)他很有意義。

　　I am writing to let you know how much I appreciate your helping my son Robert last Thursday when he sprained his ankle. It meant a great deal to him to have someone extend comfort and care at such a distressing time.

　　我為我昨晚在晚宴上的行為可能造成的誤會(huì)感到深深的歉意。我有點(diǎn)失態(tài)了，不該破壞這么美好的一個(gè)夜晚。我希望你能原諒我，你的友誼對(duì)我而言很重要。

　　I deeply regret any misunderstanding that may have been caused by the way I acted at dinner last night. I simply got carried away and had no right to disturb such a pleasant evening. I hope that you can forgive me. Your friendship means a great deal to me.

　　閱讀部分

　　96

　　pass 5

　　enlighten：?jiǎn)⒌�，開導(dǎo) Can you enlighten me as to the new procedure ?

　　97

　　pass1

　　sink in：滲入Rub the cream on your skin and let it sink in.；被完全理解 The scale of the tragedy gradually sank in.

　　leave：使/讓（某人某事）處于某種狀態(tài)

　　Leave the door open, please.

　　Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain.

　　bitter：顯示妒忌、憎恨、怨恨、失望的bitter quarrels/words / ~ly 強(qiáng)烈地He is bitterly opposed to nuclear weapons.

　　haunt：(鬼魂)出沒于 a haunted house； 經(jīng)常浮現(xiàn)于腦際 The memory still haunts me.

　　Pass2

　　ill-mannered：ill-advised不明智；ill-bred沒有教養(yǎng)；ill-timed不合時(shí)宜；ill-use/treat虐待

　　on the part of/on one’s part：由某人做出的 It was an error on my part. / The agreement has been kept on my part but not on his.

　　Pass3

　　abuse：n/v. 濫用；虐待

　　1. drug abuse / abuse of power /child abuse/ abuse of prisoners

　　2. Don not abuse the confidence they have placed in you. After the deputy was promoted to the top position, she abused her power.

　　Pass4

　　latitude：緯度；（思想行動(dòng)）自由They allow their children too much latitude, in my view.

　　pass5

　　poll：選舉投票 be successful at the poll / The result of the poll has now been declared.

　　民意測(cè)驗(yàn) a public opinion poll / the Gallup poll / We are conducting a poll among school leavers. 也V.

　　98

　　pass1

　　stop short of：不愿逾越 He can be ruthless in getting what he wants, but I believe he would stop short of blackmail.

　　complex：1. 相聯(lián)或相似的事物綜合體 a big industrial complex/a sports & leisure complex 2. 情結(jié) Oedipus complex / an inferiority complex自卑情結(jié)

　　pass2

　　assume：認(rèn)為（見段1句2）；假定，假設(shè) Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.

　　preside：主持The prime minister presides at the meetings of the Cabinet. 掌管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)（~ over見段1句3）

　　lump：塊，團(tuán)，堆 a lump of clay； lump…together把…歸并在一起 Can we lump all these items together as “incidental expenses(雜費(fèi))”?

　　speculative：思索的speculative philosophy(思辨哲學(xué))；投機(jī)的speculative buying of houses（投機(jī)性買房）；推測(cè)的（本文段4）

　　fashion：時(shí)尚；方式（見末段）；(vt.)做成，制造fashion a lump of clay into a bowl

　　dismiss…(as)：對(duì)…不予理會(huì)；不屑一顧She was dismissed as a dreamer.

　　Pass 3

　　trial：嘗試（94Pass5：Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error）；審訊（本文）

　　enlighten：?jiǎn)�發(fā)，啟蒙，開導(dǎo)Can you enlighten me as to the new procedure?

　　enlightened：開明的，有知識(shí)的，啟發(fā)性的enlightened attitudes/an enlightened approach to teaching

　　enlightenment：The teacher’s attempts at enlightenment failed;I remained as confused as before.

　　Utopia：想象中的完美社會(huì)，烏托邦

　　第五周

　　寫作部分

　　上午

　　然而，人們往往認(rèn)為，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與合作是相互矛盾的。有人強(qiáng)調(diào)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，在他們看來，沒有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就沒有責(zé)任感、沒有動(dòng)力，比較終就沒有進(jìn)步。還有人無論干什么都主張合作，他們認(rèn)為人與人之間的相互依賴在增加，沒有依賴，我們所生活的社會(huì)就不能穩(wěn)步地前進(jìn)。

　　It is often believed, however, that competition and cooperation are in opposition to each other. Some people stress competition, without which, in their eyes, there is no responsibility, no drive, and ultimately, no progress. Others advocate cooperation whatever they do. They are of the opinion that the dependence of people on one another has increased, without which the society we live in cannot keep going smoothly.

　　首先，隨著人口的飛速增長，房屋的不足變得比以前都更加明顯。。。。由于社會(huì)在進(jìn)步，城市居民渴望寬敞的生活空間，他們期盼著能維護(hù)自身尊嚴(yán)的體面的居住空間。所有這些因素都導(dǎo)致住房問題的緊張。

　　In the first place, with the rapid increase in population, the lack of housing is becoming more evident than ever before. Because the society is advancing, city dwellers long for spacious living. They look forward to decent dwelling places which can protect human dignity. All these factors result in the stress of housing problem.

　　科學(xué)和技術(shù)在社會(huì)主義的建設(shè)中也發(fā)揮著重要的作用。可以說，社會(huì)主義建設(shè)好比一幢高樓，而科學(xué)技術(shù)就是其基礎(chǔ)。沒有這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)，大樓就起不來。所以，我們應(yīng)該盡力為科技的發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)，這樣才能有一個(gè)扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)去建設(shè)我們的國家。

　　Science and technology also play an important role in our socialist construction. We may say that our socialist construction is just like a skyscraper, while science and technology are its base. Without the base, the skyscraper can’t be built up. Therefore, we should try our best to contribute to the development of science and technology so as to provide a more solid base to build our country.

　　他堅(jiān)信奴隸制終將被廢除，所有奴隸終將獲得解放，種族歧視消失的那天一定會(huì)到來。

　　He held to the conviction that slavery would be abolished, all the slaves would be liberated, and the day was bound to come when racial discrimination no longer existed.

　　He was confident that

　　He was convinced that

　　下午

　　代溝是當(dāng)今世界比較具有爭(zhēng)議的問題之一，吸引了社會(huì)學(xué)者和普通公眾的廣泛注意。一方面，老一代人無法認(rèn)同孩子們的言行，而另一方面，年輕人則抱怨父母落后于時(shí)代。

　　Generation gap, one of the most controversial issues throughout the world, has attracted a lot of attention from both the social scientists and the general public. On the one hand, the older generation can’t agree with what their children say and do. On the other hand, the young people always complain that their parents are behind the times.

　　比較后，體育和比賽也有助于訓(xùn)練性格。它們不僅要求身體的技能和力量，還需要勇氣、激情、紀(jì)律，通常還要團(tuán)隊(duì)精神。對(duì)孩子而言，球場(chǎng)上所學(xué)到的東西會(huì)對(duì)他們的性格產(chǎn)生深刻的影響。所以，人們應(yīng)該定期參加體育活動(dòng)。

　　Finally, sports and games are also very useful in character¬ training. They demand not only physical skill and strength but also courage, enthusiasm, discipline and usually teamwork. For boys and girls, what is learned on the playground often has a deep effect on their character. As a consequence, people should take part in physical activities regularly.

　　電視把一個(gè)精彩紛呈的世界帶到了我們的面前。首先，電視讓我們了解世界上正在發(fā)生著的一切，比如，它能給我們提供有關(guān)科技比較新發(fā)展的比較新信息。而且，電視給我們帶來了各種各樣的娛樂，例如，家里有一臺(tái)電視，我們就能游覽不同國家的許許多多的旅游景點(diǎn)。難怪許多人空閑時(shí)尤其愿意選擇看電視了。

　　Television presents a vivid world in front of us. To begin with, TV can keep us informed of what is happening throughout the world. For example, it can provide us with the up-to-date information about the recent developments in science and technology. In addition, TV brings us various forms of entertainment. For instance, with a TV set at home, we may watch sports competitions, concerts, etc. and we may even visit a great many tourist attractions in different countries. No wonder a lot of people choose, above all, to watch TV in their spare time.

　　許多人，特別是剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生，都?jí)粝胫�有自己的事業(yè)。雖說這些事業(yè)令人激動(dòng)，富于回報(bào)，但剛?cè)腴T的企業(yè)家還是應(yīng)該在投身商海之前進(jìn)行全面的調(diào)查和籌劃。

　　Many people, particularly recent college graduates, dream of owning their businesses. Although such ventures are often exciting and profitable, the new entrepreneur should thoroughly investigate and plan the situation before plunging in.

　　閱讀部分

　　Pass 4

　　standstill：停頓，中止Work is grinding to a standstill. / Traffic in the city is at a complete standstill.

　　the Depression years 大蕭條年代

　　crops ：莊稼；（同時(shí)出現(xiàn)或產(chǎn)生的）一群（人）/一批（事物）this year’s crop of students / The program brought quite a crop of complaints from viewers.

　　baby boom：嬰兒生育高峰期（二戰(zhàn)后）

　　dramatize：戲劇化，夸張The affair was dramatized by the press. ；戲劇性地表現(xiàn)（參文例）

　　Pass.5

　　milestones signposts landmarks

　　stationary：靜止的，固定的 -stationery文具：a stationery cupboard

　　anchor：拋錨（固定）We anchored close to the shore. （引申）見本文

　　a frame of reference：（作為個(gè)人的判斷、行為的依據(jù)的）原則、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、觀點(diǎn)sociological studies conducted within a Marxist frame of reference.

　　99

　　Pass 1

　　carry weight：有分量，有影響 Her opinion carries weight with the chairman.

　　lawsuit- claim- case- file a lawsuit against-be charged with-be accused of-take someone to court- judge-jury –defendant-plaintiff-trial-rule-

　　verdict -sentence -legal community(法律界)-legal liability(法律責(zé)任)

　　has its way：為所欲為（見本文）

　　Pass 2

　　tap：從…中放出液體tap a cask of beer；開采開發(fā)vast mineral wealth waiting to be tapped

　　subscribers：用戶（電視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)）－subscribe to （訂購，訂閱Which journal do you subscribe to ? ；贊同 Do you subscribe to her pessimistic view of the state of the economy?）

　　customize：（modify to suit a particular individual or task）定制改制It can be customized to the developing needs of your students.

　　silicon： Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he did those of his predecessors. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man's flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.

　　plunge：猛地投入、進(jìn)入、陷入plunge into cold water/The country was plunged into civil war after the death of the President.沖下，跌落Share prices plunged as a result of the gloomy economic forecast. -take the plunge（一番考慮后）采取果斷措施They have finally decided to take the plunge and get married.

　　Pass 3

　　justify：證明…是合理的 Can you really justify the destruction of such a fine old building? / The decision is justified on the grounds that there is no realistic alternative. / She felt fully justified in asking for a refund.

　　equipped：配備，裝備The flat is fully equipped with a cooker and fridge. (見本文段2和段3例句)

　　given：考慮到（介詞）Given the government’s record on unemployment, their chances of winning the election look poor./ Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. ；如果被提供（略）

　　Pass 4

　　a Scottish research team——an independent panel of experts

　　feverishly：心急如焚地，焦躁不安地searching feverishly for her missing jewels

　　narrowly：仔細(xì)地小心地嚴(yán)格地（段2）；僅僅勉強(qiáng)地He narrowly escaped drowning.

　　legislation：立法；法律，法規(guī)New legislation will be introduced to help single parent families.

　　-legislature；legislative/executive/judicial

　　stems from：來自于，來源于The workers’ discontent stems mainly from low pay and poor working conditions.

　　appeal to：吸引These characters will appeal directly to children’s imaginations. 上訴He has decided to appeal to the European Court./ She appealed unsuccessfully against her conviction for murder. 呼吁，要求Police have appealed to the public for information about the crime.

　　Pass 5

　　unpredictability——advisability——regularity

　　amount to：總計(jì)，共達(dá)The cost amounted to $ 250. 等于，相當(dāng)于It all amounts to a lot of hard work. / What you say amounts to a direct accusation.

　　第六周

　　寫作部分

　　上午

　　不同的人對(duì)壓力有不同的看法。有人認(rèn)為壓力不是人們所認(rèn)為的壞事，他們認(rèn)為，一定數(shù)量的壓力能給人們提供動(dòng)力，給人生帶來目標(biāo)。還有人則認(rèn)為，壓力導(dǎo)致人精神衰弱，從而危及健康。他們認(rèn)為，與壓力相反，放松才是健康的身心所必不可少的。

　　Different people, however, think of stress differently. Some believe that stress is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. They are of the opinion that a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. Others argue that stress contributes to one’s mental decline and hence endangers his health. According to them, relaxation, the opposite of stress, is essential for a healthy mind and body.

　　至于電子游戲，不同的人有不同的看法。有人說應(yīng)該禁止游戲，他們認(rèn)為玩游戲不僅危害人的身體健康，尤其對(duì)眼睛，而且會(huì)占去業(yè)余時(shí)間，消耗人的體力，使他們不能有效地完成自己的工作。

　　As for playing video games, different people have different opinions. Some persons think there should be a ban on video games. They argue that playing video games not only does harm to people’s physical health, especially to their eyes, but also occupies their spare time and consumes their energy, rendering them unable to accomplish their tasks efficiently.

　　約翰遜先生的兒子喬治愛在晚上聽重金屬音樂，響聲干擾了社區(qū)其他居民的睡眠。后來，疲憊不堪的鄰居們失去了耐心，決定直接干預(yù)。他們打電話給約翰遜先生，坦率地把想法告訴了他。

　　George, the son of Mr. Johnson, liked listening to heavy music in the evenings, and the noise interrupted the sleep of other residents in the community. Eventually, the exhausted neighbors lost their patience and decided on direct interference. They called Mr. Johnson to tell him in a frank manner what they were thinking.

　　下午

　　年青人出國讀書有兩個(gè)好處，首先，他們能學(xué)到發(fā)達(dá)國家的先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)，回國時(shí)可以帶回祖國。其次，西方高校的經(jīng)濟(jì)資助可以視為為中國訓(xùn)練專業(yè)人員的一條捷徑，因?yàn)椋�作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家，中國還沒有富到可以資助大批學(xué)生去國外學(xué)習(xí)。

　　There are two advantages for young people to study abroad. Firstly, they can acquire advanced science and technology in developed countries, and then introduce them into China when they come back. Secondly, financial support from western institutions of higher learning can be considered as a shortcut to train Chinese professionals since China, as a developing country, is not rich enough to support a large number of students studying abroad.

　　除了好處之外，出國學(xué)習(xí)也有其不利之處。由此導(dǎo)致的主要問題便是人才流失。必須承認(rèn)，發(fā)達(dá)國家有先進(jìn)的研究環(huán)境和更好的生活條件，來自發(fā)展中國家的學(xué)生抵制不住在西方國家拿更高薪水的誘惑。通常，回到祖國的學(xué)生比例總是較低，因此，國家蒙受巨大的人才流失。

　　Apart form advantages, studying abroad has also its disadvantages. The major problem it has caused is the brain drain. Admittedly, there are advanced research environment and better living conditions in developed countries, and students from developing countries can not resist the temptation of earning more salary in the west. More often than not, the proportion of students returning to homeland remains less. As a result, the country suffers a great loss of talents.

　　約翰遜先生感到很尷尬，便去訓(xùn)斥兒子：“你這是怎么了？你該懂得不能為了你自己的興趣而妨礙別人�！苯Y(jié)果喬治拿唱片跟同學(xué)換了電腦游戲軟件。總的來說，整個(gè)事解決得很圓滿。

　　Embarrassed, Mr. Johnson scolded his son, “ What has come over you? You should know better than to disturb others for the sake of your own interest.” As a result, George traded his records for computer games software from his classmates. Overall, the whole thing has worked out satisfactorily.

　　翻譯部分

　　1．翻譯測(cè)試目的：

　　考查考生對(duì)復(fù)雜句法和特定語境中的詞匯的理解能力、相應(yīng)的中文表達(dá)能力。

　　2．解題方法：

　　——準(zhǔn)確的理解

　　——靈活的表達(dá)

　　Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

　　他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識(shí)，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。

　　For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會(huì)有多大才干。

　　How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

　　這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為的后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

　　3．評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（完整、準(zhǔn)確、通順）：

　　His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

　　Q47滿分譯文參考：

　�。�1） 他的功能是一個(gè)分析家，好比一個(gè)法官，他必須接受這個(gè)責(zé)任：用盡可能明顯的方式揭示導(dǎo)致他做出決定的這個(gè)原因的過程。

　�。�2） 他的功能類似于一個(gè)有責(zé)任和義務(wù)用盡可能明顯的方式展現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致他做出決定的理性過程的法官。

　�。�3） 他的功能與法官相似，必須以盡可能明顯的方式對(duì)引導(dǎo)他做出判斷的推理過程進(jìn)行揭示為己任。

　�。�4） 他的作用被類比為一名法官，這個(gè)法官必須以顯而易見的方式盡可能接受導(dǎo)致他做出決定的推理過程所揭示的責(zé)任。

　　（5） 知識(shí)分子的職能是具有分析能力的審判官，他必須接受這樣的責(zé)任，用盡可能明顯的方式揭示出他得出結(jié)論的推理過程。

　　94年

　　(71) 他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識(shí)，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。

　　(72) 新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說: 簡(jiǎn)言之，我們所稱謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無所不及。

　　(新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說: 簡(jiǎn)言之，我們所稱謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用一系列器具，這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無所不及。）

　　(73) 工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。

　　（多年來，作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉，工具和技術(shù)本身在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。）

　　(74) 伽利略的比較光輝的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒��?609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球。

　　(75) 政府究竟是以減少對(duì)技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力量。

　　95年

　　(71) 把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測(cè)試時(shí)，批評(píng)者沒有注意到其弊病來自測(cè)試使用者對(duì)測(cè)試不了解或使用不當(dāng)。（問題在于。。。）

　　(72) 這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

　　(73) 因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無來源等因素。

　　(74) 一般來說，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試比較為有效；而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則比較差。

　　(75) 例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公;因此，它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會(huì)有多大才干。

　　Q75句法再如：

　　On the dust jacket of this fine book，Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

　　閱讀部分

　　Test 1

　　Pass 1

　　commitment：承諾，承擔(dān)，保證I’m overworked at the moment---I’ve taken on too many commitments. 致力獻(xiàn)身（于）We’re looking for someone with a real sense of commitment to the job.

　　wind：蜿蜒曲折前進(jìn)The river winds down to the sea. / She wound her way through the crowds. 纏繞wind a bandage round one’s finger

　　-interwound

　　-windfall風(fēng)吹落的果實(shí)，意外財(cái)產(chǎn)（好運(yùn)）“pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

　　-windmill風(fēng)車

　　Pass2

　　Scrap：碎片，小塊 scraps of paper, cloth, wood； 廢棄材料U sell an old car for scrap / A man comes round regularly for collecting scrap.

　　Keep (be) abreast of：跟上某事物 You should read the newspapers to keep abreast of current affairs.

　　Pass 3

　　Be liable to： 易于…(見本文)；——be liable for 為…承擔(dān)責(zé)任Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.

　　Pity：同情，憐憫 do something out of pity for somebody；遺憾的事 It’s a pity that you can’t come to the theater with us. / The pity is that…

　　Be subject to：須服從…，受…支配 We are subject to the law of the land.；�；�、常遭某事物，傾向于某事物 Are you subject to colds? / The timetable is subject to alteration.

　　Undo：解開，拆開I can’t undo my shoelaces.；使無效，廢除He undid most of the good work of his predecessors. / What is done can’t be undone.

　　Pss 4

　　in concert with：合作，共同working in concert with his colleagues / We must act strongly in concert with our European partners.； 文章為引申用法

　　a raw (rough) deal：不公平的待遇 If she lost her job for being late once, she got a pretty raw deal.

　　thrust：猛地或用力推/擠/塞He thrust his way through the crowd. / My objections were thrust aside. / She tends to thrust herself forward too much.

　　--thrust sth/sb on sb迫使某人同意/接受/接待