成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試重點(diǎn)四
來(lái)源：網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)布時(shí)間：2009-08-26
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幫助希望進(jìn)入名校的在職人員實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的本、專(zhuān)科大學(xué)夢(mèng)想
三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 不定式(to + V)
動(dòng)名詞
分詞-ing
分詞-ed
(一)動(dòng)詞不定式(to+動(dòng)詞原形)
動(dòng)詞不定式的語(yǔ)法功能
可以做除謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成分。
1)作主語(yǔ)
不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。如：
To serve the people well is our duty.
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面，用引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。上述句子也可改為：
It is our duty to serve the people well.
類(lèi)似這樣不定式做主語(yǔ)的句型有:
It is + n.+ to do
It takes sb.+ some time + to do
It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do
It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do
例如：
It is our duty to help them.
It will take you quite a long time to finish it.
It is easy for us to answer this question.
It is kind of you to help me.
注：
1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀(guān)形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀(guān)感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。
2)作賓語(yǔ)
We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.
注意：
如果不定式作賓語(yǔ)而又跟有補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，這時(shí)，通常要用"it"作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將不定式放到補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面去。
例如：
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備好是不可能的。
×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.
賓語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ)
×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.
√They found it impossible to get everything ready in
賓補(bǔ) 賓語(yǔ)
advance.
再看下面的兩個(gè)例句：
I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.
Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.
三級(jí)出題方式：
I _____ to point out their shortcomings.
A.consider it my duty
B.consider it is my duty
3)作定語(yǔ)
This is the best way to solve the problem.
注意：
①用不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它與它所修飾的詞有時(shí)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后面應(yīng)跟上必要的介詞。
例如：
Mary needs a friend to play with.
There is nothing to worry about.
Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _____ .
A.a good place to live
B.a good place for living in
C.a good place to be lived in
D.a good place to live in
答案：D
�、诓欢ㄊ阶鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)，如果與他所修飾的詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則不定式后面不能再帶賓語(yǔ)。
例如：
×Here is a letter for you to type it.
√Here is a letter for you to type.
×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.
√The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.
同時(shí)要注意：在這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。
4)作狀語(yǔ)
In order to overcome difficulties, we must work hard.
注意：
�、俨欢ㄊ侥軌蛐揎椬鞅碚Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的形容詞，在句中作狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)不定式不能再帶賓語(yǔ)。
例如：
√The water is unfit to drink.
×The water is unfit to drink it.
√They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.
×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.
同時(shí)要注意：在這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。
�、谧鳡钫Z(yǔ)的不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)一致。
例如：
×To save money, the bus was taken instead of plane.
√To save money, we took the bus instead of plane.
讓我們看一道2005年11月份的三級(jí)試題：
To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.
A.one needs being patient person.
B.patience is to need.
C.one needs to be patient.
D.patience is what needed.
答案：C
2.不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)
如要表明不定式或不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語(yǔ))，就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如：
Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?
The conference is too important for you to miss.
3.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
不定式有一般、完成、進(jìn)行等幾種常用的形式，也有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別。以study為例：
主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)一般式to study; to be studied
進(jìn)行式to be studying
完成式to have studied; to have been studied
1)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)
不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在其后發(fā)生的。如：
Thousands of young people are learning to ski.
不定式的進(jìn)行式(to be doing)所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，而且是正在進(jìn)行的。如：
They seemed to be getting along quite well.
不定式的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(to have done)表示限于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，to have + V-ed 表示動(dòng)作，to have been 表示狀態(tài)。如：
She seems to have finished her work.
不定式的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生，而且一直進(jìn)行著。如：
She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.
2)不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)
每個(gè)不定式都有其邏輯主語(yǔ)，如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，不定式用主動(dòng)式，如果其邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式用被動(dòng)式。如：
The doctor recommended him to air the room.
醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。
The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。
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