(三)代詞及其指代一致
    　一。代詞的指代

　　1.that的指代作用

　　that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of.如

　　Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener， and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role.

　　No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

　　2.one的指代作用

　　one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones.the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：

　　A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

　　[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

　　答案為[C]

　　3.do的替代作用。

　　do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：

　　For him to be re-elected， what is essential is not that his policy works ， but that the public believe that it does.

　　二。代詞指代一致問題

　　代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。

　　Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm， and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.

　　這里he指代前面的person.

　　It was during the 1920's that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

　　這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship.

　　Our department was monitored by two supervisors， Bill and me.

　　這里me必須用賓格形式。

　　代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律：

　　1.鄰近和靠近原則

　　由either … or， neither…nor， not only…but (also)連接先行詞時(shí)候，如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞;如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。

　　Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

　　Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

　　If either David or Janet comes ， he or she will want a drink

　　2.當(dāng)each， everyone， everybody， no one ，none ，anybody， someone， somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時(shí)候，或者anything， nothing， something everything等不定代詞作主語時(shí)候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如：

　　Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

　　None of the boys can do it ， can he?

　　Everything is ready， isn't it“

　　3.當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語時(shí)，如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果 each位于動(dòng)詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如：

　　They each have two coats

　　we are each responsible for his own family

　　4.由and連接兩個(gè)先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)

　　如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

　　(三) 主謂一致問題

　　主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則：

　　語法一致原則 意義一致原則 就近一致原則

　　很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個(gè)原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個(gè)原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定�？偨Y(jié)如下：

　　一。謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況

　　1.動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：

　　Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.

　　(1987年考研題)

　　To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

　　2.表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。

　　Two weeks was too long

　　Five times five makes twenty five

　　3.一般用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語做主語時(shí)候，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個(gè)概念，謂語用單數(shù)：

　　law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水

　　a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉

　　the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索

　　horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月

　　bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落

　　如： If law and order not preserved， neither the citizen nor his property is safe.

　　A. is B. are C. was d. were

　　答案：A.

　　4.表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時(shí)候謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式

　　Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.