職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)閱讀理解常見(jiàn)題型及解題技巧
　　專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)人員以英語(yǔ)為工具，主要通過(guò)閱讀獲取相關(guān)學(xué)科和專(zhuān)業(yè)的信息，因此，全國(guó)專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試也主要是考閱讀理解。從考試題型來(lái)看，主要是多項(xiàng)選擇題。該題型在職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試中占15題，45分(占總分的45%)。另外，全國(guó)專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試中還采用了閱讀判斷、概括大意與完成句子、補(bǔ)全短文和選擇填空等題型，它們實(shí)質(zhì)上也是考核閱讀能力的題型。由此可見(jiàn)，為了通過(guò)全國(guó)專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試，必須掌握最基本的閱讀技能，努力提高閱讀理解能力。
　　全國(guó)職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試大綱就閱讀理解能力的考核目標(biāo)作了如下規(guī)定：
　　讀者應(yīng)能綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和閱讀技能來(lái)理解本專(zhuān)業(yè)的或一般內(nèi)容的英語(yǔ)書(shū)面材料。閱讀能力主要包括下列幾個(gè)方面：
　　1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意;
　　2.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié);
　　3.利用上下文猜測(cè)某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義;
　　4.既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系;
　　5.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷和推論;
　　6.領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。
　　根據(jù)考試大綱規(guī)定的考核目標(biāo)，我們歸納出相應(yīng)的六種閱讀理解題的類(lèi)型，并具體地探討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。
　　1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意
　　掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意是正確理解全文的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)主題思想的提問(wèn)是閱讀理解測(cè)試的必考題。但提問(wèn)方式及用詞都有差異，這類(lèi)題常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式可歸納如下：
　　1. The main idea of this passage is _______
　　2. This passage tells us_______
　　3. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
　　4. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the author's main point?
　　5. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
　　6. The subject matter of this selection is ______
　　7. The passage mainly discusses_______
　　8. This passage illustrates ______
　　9. This paragraph centers / focuses on ______
　　10. This passage mainly deals with ______
　　11. This passage is chiefly concerned with ______
　　12. The author's purpose in writing this passage is _______
　　13. What is the passage mainly about?
　　14. What is the best title of the passage?
　　15. The major point discussed in the passage is
　　解答這一類(lèi)題目的基本方法如下：
　　A.找出主題句。首先要讀標(biāo)題，因?yàn)闃?biāo)題往往是主題句中的核心詞或概括性的詞。抓住全文中心思想的最快捷的途徑就是找出主題句。主題句一般位于文章或段落的開(kāi)始，然后圍繞主題展開(kāi)論述。因?yàn)樵S多作者喜歡采用從一般到個(gè)別的論證或敘述方式，即演繹法(deduction)。這是一種很常見(jiàn)的文章或段落的寫(xiě)作形式。若作者采用歸納法(induction)，即從個(gè)別到一般來(lái)論證或敘述，主題旬就會(huì)位于段末。除此之外，主題句還有可能位于段落的中間。找到主題句后，就應(yīng)以它為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在解題時(shí)，凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項(xiàng)必然是正確的答案。
　　例1
　　In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.No single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm.As you listen to a son9，your foot usually starts to pick up the beat.Before lon9，your entire body seems to be moving with it.Your head pounds with the beat，and there is no room for thought.Only the surge of the music is important.In its own way，rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an ever growing emotional one.
　　在這一段文章中 “In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.” 為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在第2、4、6句里重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，而第3句中的“rhythm”(節(jié)奏)跟“beat”(強(qiáng)烈的節(jié)奏)意思基本一致，這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請(qǐng)注意：第8、9句作者重申并總結(jié)了主題句，而不是說(shuō)段末是主題句。
　　例2
　　The vegetable and fruit and flower merchants are surrounded by baskets of purple eggplants， green peppers，strings of tiny silvery onions，heads of bitter Indian spinach.and a dozen Indian vegetables for which I don’t even know the English names.I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in India—it is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow. In Russia，as winter approaches all vegetables except for potatoes and the pervasive cabbage in soup seem to disappear from the menus.
　　主題句在中間的第二句“I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in India—it is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow.”
　　例3
　　People live in cities today think that meat is something that comes wrapped in cellophane.from the supermarket，potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags，and feather grows in hats. The city dwellers’ views are quite different from the views of their ancestors, who knew that? meat is hunted down in the forest，potatoes are planted and weeded，and only birds can produce1eathers. Yet, whether people today realize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were.
　　主題句為最后一句 “Yet，whether people today realize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were.”
　　以上為敘述的方便并考慮到篇幅的限制，只選單段短文為例。實(shí)際上閱讀理解題中大部分是多段短文。但主題句一般出現(xiàn)在起始段。