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Why is the Native Language Learnt So Well?
How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well7 When we
compare them with adults learning a foreign language，we often find this interesting fact．A little child without knowledge or experience often succeeds in a complete mastery of the language．A grown-up person with fully developed mental powers，in most cases，may end up with a faulty and inexact command．What accounts for this difference?
Despite other explanations the real answer in my opinion lies partly in the child himself，partly in the behavior of the people around him．In the first place，the time of learning the mother tongue is the most favorable of all，namely the first years of life．A child hears it spoken from morning till night and，what is more important，always in its genuine form，With the right pronunciation，fight intonation，right use of words and right structure．He drinks in all the words arid expressions which come to him in a fresh，ever-bubbling spring．There is no resistance：there is perfect assimilation(吸收)．
Then the child has，as it were，private lessons all the year round，while an adult language-student has each week a、limited number of hours which they generally share with others．The child has another advantage：he hears the language in all possible situations。 always accompanied by the right kind of gestures and facial expressions．Here there is nothing unnatural，such as is often found in language lessons in schools，when one talks about ice and snow in June or scorching(灼熱的)heat in January．And what a child hears is generally what immediately interests him. Again and again, when his attempts at speech are successful his desires are understood and fulfilled.
Finally though a child's "teachers" may not have been trained in language teaching, their relations with him are always close and personal. They take great pains to make their lessons easy.
16. Compared with adults learning a foreign language, children learn their native language with ease.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
17. Adults' knowledge and mental powers hinder their complete mastery of a foreign language.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
18. The reason why children learn their mother tongue so well lies solely in their environment of learning,
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
19. Plenty of practice in listening during the first years of life partly ensures children's success of learning their mother tongue.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
20. A child learning his native language has the advantage of-having private lessons allthe year round.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
21. Gestures and facial expressions may assist a child in mastering his native language.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
22. So far as language teaching is concerned, the teacher's close personal relationship with the student is more important than the professional language teaching training he has received.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned
參考譯文
為什么母語就能學得好?
兒童總能學好母語，這是怎么回事呢?當我們拿兒童學母語和成年人學外語做比較時，我們常會發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣一個有趣的事實：一個毫無知識和經(jīng)驗的孩子常會順利地掌握母語，而智力高度發(fā)展的成年人卻在多數(shù)情況下無法掌握準確、地道的語言。造成這種差異的原因是什么呢?
盡管有人提出了其他一些解釋，但我認為，真正的原因部分在于孩子自身，部分在于孩子周圍人們的行為。首先，他們學習母語的時間是人學習語言的最佳階段，即人出生后的頭幾年。兒童從早到晚都會昕到周圍的人說這種語言。更重要的是，這是種真實的語言環(huán)境，他身邊說這種語言的人使用的總是正確的語音、語調，用詞恰當且語法結構無誤。孩子盡情地學習著鮮活的詞匯和表達方法，就仿佛是在暢飲噴涌而出的新鮮泉水，毫無疑慮地全盤吸收。
兒童學母語就好像是一年到頭都在上單獨輔導課，而學語言的成年學生則不得不每周與別人分享有限的幾個小時。兒童還具有另一個優(yōu)越的條件：他有機會在各種可能的場合中聽這種語言，而且還總伴隨著各種正確的手勢和面部表情，其中沒有任何不自然的東西。然而，不自然的情況在學校的語言教學課上卻經(jīng)�？梢钥吹剑河腥丝赡軙�6月份談論冰天雪地或在1月份討論太陽的灼熱，而兒童聽到的通常是能馬上使他產(chǎn)生興趣的事。而且，當他說話的嘗試獲得成功時，他的愿望總是會得到大人的理解和滿足。
最后，盡管孩子的“老師們”也許并沒有接受過語言教學的訓練，但他們與孩子的關系總是很親近的，他們會竭盡全力使自己的語言課更易于被孩子們接受。 |
