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    What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe？

    What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth？ Where was this low temperature recorded？ The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃， which _1_ in Antarctica in 1983.

    We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in _2__. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃ to -120℃。 The temperature depends upon _3__ you are in direct sunlight or shade. Obviously， -120 is colder than our body can safely endure. Thank NASA science for well-designed space __4_ that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes.

    The space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar _5__. Obviously， it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun. Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -120℃。 How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe？ Again， it depends upon your _6__. We are taught it is supposedly _7__ to have a temperature below absolute zero， which is -273℃， at which atoms do not move. Two scientists， whose names are Cornell and Wieman， have successfully cooled down a gas to a temperature barely _8__ absolute zero. They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery， in this case.

    Why is the two scientists‘ work so important to science？

    In the 1920s， Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting _9__ about special light particles we now call photons. Bose had trouble _10__ other scientists to believe his theory. _11__ he contacted Albert Einstein. Einstein‘s calculations helped him theorize that atoms _12__ behave as Bose thought — but only at very cold temperatures.

    Scientists have also discovered that _13__ atoms can help them make the world‘s atomic clocks even more accurate. These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second _14__ six million years！ Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time（d=v × t）。 With the long distances involved in space _15__， we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.

    1. A opened   B occurred  C opposed  D operated

    2. A Earth   B space   C planet  D star

    3. A whether  B where   C what   D when

    4. A foods   B beds   C tools   D suits

    5. A wind   B energy  C system  D rays

    6. A education  B status  C knowledge  D location

    7. A reasonable  B wonderful  C impossible  D necessary

    8. A above   B below   C within  D beyond

    9. A invention  B theory  C paper   D experiment

    10. A convincing  B begging  C ordering  D forcing

    11. A and   B though  C but   D so

    12. A will   B would   C must   D can

    13. A ultra-small  B ultra-fast  C ultra-hot  D ultra-cold

    14. A any   B each   C every   D some

    15. A travel  B research  C walk   D station