辨錯與改錯
(一)評價(jià)目標(biāo)
應(yīng)掌握英語的全部基本語法結(jié)構(gòu)和常用句型,能正確理解用這些句型結(jié)構(gòu)寫成的句子,
并學(xué)會識別和改正基本的語法錯誤。
(二)題型、題量、分值
本部分共設(shè)10~15題,每題1分。考試時(shí)間為10~15分鐘。題型為單句改錯或短文
改錯。單句改錯中,每題標(biāo)出四個詞語或詞組,要求考生先找出其中的錯誤來,并進(jìn)行改正。
短文形式要求學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文辨認(rèn)出錯誤,并改正錯誤。
(三)試題命題特點(diǎn)及難度分析
這種體型要求考生不僅具有辨別錯誤的能力,還要求考生能夠改正錯誤。本部分涉及范
圍較廣,幾乎所有的語法知識,詞匯及慣用法,都可以改編成改錯題。要想能夠準(zhǔn)確快捷地
答題,考生除了全面牢固地掌握語法知識外,還應(yīng)了解試題的命題意圖,常見錯誤設(shè)
置,辨錯思路及改錯要領(lǐng)。
(四)應(yīng)對策略
1.通讀全文找大錯。在做題之前,特別是短文改錯時(shí),應(yīng)首先通讀全文,理解短文的
大意。有了對文章大意的理解,就可以根據(jù)上下文,找出文章中的邏輯錯誤,結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤和意
義錯誤。這部分錯誤相對來說還是比較簡單的。
2.集中精力找小錯。然后就可以集中精力尋找其余句子中的語法錯誤和詞匯錯誤。常
見的語法錯誤有:時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)錯誤,一致性錯誤,虛擬語氣錯誤,非謂語動詞錯誤等。
3.模擬訓(xùn)練找規(guī)律。多做試題。實(shí)踐證明,模擬題對提高改錯能力非常重要。即使有
一定語法基礎(chǔ)后,如沒有適當(dāng)?shù)挠?xùn)練,就很有可能改不出來。只有有了一定量的訓(xùn)練之后,
才能摸清命題的規(guī)律,常見錯誤的類型,并培養(yǎng)改錯思路。
以上為新大綱
辨錯改錯部分是在職人員英語水平考試中唯一測試語法內(nèi)容的單項(xiàng)。它主要測試考生對英語基本句型、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語法知識的熟悉和掌握程度, 考察考生辨認(rèn)并改正語言知識在運(yùn)用時(shí)出現(xiàn)的各種錯誤的能力。此部分共10題, 每題1分(辨錯與改錯各05分), 考試時(shí)間為10分鐘。要想能夠準(zhǔn)確快捷地答題, 考生除了全面牢固地掌握語法知識外, 還應(yīng)了解試題的命題意圖, 常見錯誤設(shè)置, 辨錯思路及改錯要領(lǐng)。
一、時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
1.句中動詞(含謂語、非謂語)時(shí)態(tài)形式與所給或暗示的時(shí)間狀語不一致;
2.應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)而錯用了主動語態(tài), 此錯常設(shè)置在非謂語動詞中;
3.將沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)、表示動作結(jié)果的感官動詞誤用進(jìn)行時(shí);
4.將非及物動詞誤用被動語態(tài)。
例句:
The changes that took (A) place in air travel during (B) the last sixty years would have seemed (C) completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at (D) the turn of the 19th century.
(答案:A have taken, 因與during the last sixty years 不一致)
With (A) production having gone (B) up steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing (C) supply of (D) raw materials.
(答案:B going, 因與句中steadily, needs暗示的時(shí)間不一致)
The idea that (A) learning is a (B) lifelong process has expressed (C) by philosophers and educationalists throughout (D) the centuries.
(答案:C has been expressed, 應(yīng)為被動語態(tài))
Not too many (A) years ago (B) my mother jogged in the alley behind our house because she was embarrassed to see (C) jogging in public (D) .
(答案:C to be seen, 應(yīng)為被動語態(tài))
He was seeing (A) somebody creeping (B) into the house through (C) the open (D) window last night.
(答案:A saw, 表示結(jié)果的感官動詞沒有進(jìn)行時(shí))
If it doesn′t (A) rain within (B) the next few weeks, the crops (C) will have to be watered if they are to be survived (D) .
(答案:D to survive, survive此處為非及物動詞)
[辨錯思路]
如果句中動詞劃有橫線, 考生就應(yīng)分析一下是否時(shí)態(tài)有錯誤, 即動詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式是否與句中給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語相呼應(yīng);動詞的語態(tài)形式與所涉及的人或物的關(guān)系是施動還是受動, 是受動關(guān)系就要用被動式。
[改錯要領(lǐng)]
1.掌握與某個特定時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間狀語。
與現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有:every day, always, usually, sometimes, twice a week, often等;
與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有:recently, lately, since, already, so far, these days, for, yet, in (over, during)the last(past)two years(months, weeks)等;
與將來完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有:by 2000(the end of this year), up to 21st century, when從句等;
與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有:by(up to)1960(或其他過去時(shí)間), between 1914 and 1945(或其他過去時(shí)間)。
2.注意不同時(shí)態(tài)的配合與呼應(yīng)。
主句是將來時(shí), 從句可以是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);
主句是過去時(shí), 從句可以是過去進(jìn)行時(shí), 過去完成時(shí), 一般過去時(shí), 過去將來時(shí)。
3.熟悉時(shí)態(tài)替代的用法。
從句在表示將來時(shí)間概念時(shí), 視情況用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)替代;從句表示將來完成時(shí)的概念時(shí), 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)替代;go, come, leave的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以替代過去將來時(shí)。
4.測試謂語動詞時(shí)態(tài)的試題常同時(shí)測試主謂一致關(guān)系或語態(tài), 在答題時(shí)應(yīng)全面考慮。
5.動詞短語作謂語的被動語態(tài)句中, 注意不要將介詞丟掉;如樣題辨錯改錯部分(1)。
二、虛擬語氣常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
1.規(guī)范搭配的主從句動詞形式有一個有錯誤。
2.主句和從句的動詞形式與各自發(fā)生的時(shí)間不相對應(yīng)。
3.在省略if采用倒裝表示虛擬的結(jié)構(gòu)中, 主句謂語動詞沒有用虛擬形式, 或主句動詞是虛擬形式, 但從句倒裝有誤。
4.在用介詞短語、并列分句或分詞等其他方式表示虛擬條件的句子中, 謂語動詞沒有采用虛擬形式。
5.一些表達(dá)命令、建議、愿望意義的詞后接賓語從句、表語從句、主語從句或同位語從句時(shí), 從句中動詞沒有采用(should+)動詞原形。
例句:
If the police would have (A) arrived (B) earlier, he would have (C) seen (D) the accident.
(答案:A had, 與過去事實(shí)相反, 從句用had done)
Had paul received (A) six more (B) votes in the last election, he would have been (C) our chairman (D) now.
(答案:C would be, 時(shí)間狀語now表示主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)
The demand for (A) electricity can (B) not readily be met were it not (C) for another source of (D) energy-nuclear power.
(答案:B could, 表示非真實(shí)的假設(shè))
Victor obviously (A) doesn′t know what′s happened (B) ;otherwise he didn′t make (C) such a (D) stupid remark.
(答案:C wouldn′t have made, otherwise連接虛擬分句)
Without (A) the friction between their (B) feet and the ground, people will (C) in no way (D) be able to walk.
(答案:C would, 介詞without引導(dǎo)虛擬條件)
So great (A) was (B) the influence of Thomas paine on (C) his own time that John Adams suggested that the era was called (D) “The Age of Paine”.
(答案:D be called, suggest后接賓語從句, 其謂語應(yīng)用動詞原形)
Emphasis is laid on (A) the necessity that all the objectives to be attained (B) take into (C) account before starting (D) a new project.
(答案:C be taken into, necessity后接同位語從句, 其謂語應(yīng)用動詞原形)
It (A) is essential that (B) all these figures are to be (C) checked twice (D) .
(答案:C be, 形容詞essential要求其主語從句的謂語用動詞原形)
[辨錯思路]
注意查找句中表示虛擬語氣的線索和信號:
1.如果試題中出現(xiàn)連詞if, 應(yīng)仔細(xì)研究句子的語義, 分辨它引導(dǎo)的是真實(shí)條件, 還是虛擬條件, 如果是表示假定的虛擬語氣意義, 則看一下主、從句中的謂語動詞是否采用了相應(yīng)的形式。
2.看到一個句子時(shí), 一定要弄明白句中條件和結(jié)果兩部分的時(shí)間所指, 再看謂語動詞形式是否與所指時(shí)間一致。
3.觀察題句中是否出現(xiàn)表示建議、命令、意愿的詞語(無論是動詞、還是其派生出的形容詞、名詞), 審查后接that從句中謂語是否用(should+)動詞原形。
4.如果題句中出現(xiàn)主謂部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu), 或without, but for等介詞, 則應(yīng)考慮到它們有可能引導(dǎo)虛擬條件。
5.在確定謂語虛擬語氣形式正確與否的同時(shí), 還要留意語態(tài)是否有誤。
[改錯要領(lǐng)]
1.熟記英語虛擬語氣的主從句常規(guī)搭配形式:
假設(shè)類型
從句謂語動詞形式
主句謂語動詞形式
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
動詞過去式(Be動詞were)
would+動詞原形
與過去事實(shí)相反
had+過去分詞
would have+過去分詞
與將來事實(shí)相反
should+動詞原形
were to+動詞原形
would+動詞原形
2.熟記下列表示命令、意愿、建議的動詞作謂語時(shí), 其賓語從句動詞要求用原形:
advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, maintain, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge.
3.熟記下列形容詞后接that從句時(shí), 從句中謂語動詞需用原形:
advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, preferable, vital, natural.
4.熟記下列名詞后接that從句時(shí), 從句中謂語動詞需用原形:
advice, command, demand, importance, insistance, motion, necessity, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion, wish, condition, decision.
5.除if外, 下列連詞(或相當(dāng)于連詞)引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí), 從句中謂語動詞有時(shí)要用虛擬形式:
even if, even though, as if, as though, lest, for fear that, in case, suppose, supposing.
6.下列介詞和副詞常用來引導(dǎo)讓步假設(shè)和轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè):
but for, without/with, otherwise, but, or else.
7.下列固定句型需使用虛擬語氣:
…would rather that…動詞過去式/過去完成式…
It is(high)time that…動詞過去式…
If only…動詞過去式/過去完成式
If it were/had been not for…
三、情態(tài)動詞常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
1.考情態(tài)動詞表達(dá)推斷、預(yù)測的邏輯意義。
2.考“情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成式”表達(dá)的虛擬意義。
所設(shè)置的錯誤通常出現(xiàn)在情態(tài)動詞后接的動詞形式上, 即是接不定式的一般式, 還是接不定式的完成式。
例句:
That small country at one time (A) must be (B) prosperous, for (C) it enjoyed a high level (D) of civilization.
(答案:B must have been, 表示對過去的肯定推測)
In a (A) way I agree with you, but I think (B) you could present (C) your arguement in a much better (D) way.
(答案:C could have presented, 表示“本來可以…”但實(shí)際沒有做的虛擬意義)
I regret having left (A) the work unfinished (B) ;I should plan (C) everything ahead (D) carefully.
(答案:C should have planned, 表示“本應(yīng)該做”而實(shí)際未做的虛擬意義)
A piece of evidence shows (A) that life may exist (B) on earth (C) 38 billion years ago (D) .
(答案:B may have existed, 表示根據(jù)邏輯推理對過去事情作出的可能性推測)
I got up early (A) but I didn′t need to do (B) so, because (C) I had no work to do (D) that morning.
(答案:B needn′t have done, 表示做了不必做的事)
He knew (A) that she mustn′t have taken (B) the book as (C) she hadn′t been (D) in the house at that time.
(答案:B couldn′t have taken, 表示對過去的否定推測)
[辨錯思路]
反復(fù)閱讀題句, 正確理解句子的含義, 確定其表達(dá)推測、判斷的語氣是強(qiáng)烈還是緩和(委婉), 語義是禁止、允許、勸阻、警告、評論還是惋惜, 據(jù)此辨別句中劃線的情態(tài)動詞用詞是否準(zhǔn)確, 所接動詞形式是否符合語義要求, 從而找出錯誤所在。從以往試題來看, 有關(guān)情態(tài)動詞的錯誤大都設(shè)置在該接動詞完成式而誤用一般式, 請考生注意這一點(diǎn)。
[改錯要領(lǐng)]
把握不同的情態(tài)動詞加動詞不定式完成式表示的各種意義:
1.must have+過去分詞, 表示對過去情況的強(qiáng)烈肯定推測, 譯為“(昨天)一定…”。
2.can′t/couldn′t have+過去分詞, 表示對過去情況的強(qiáng)烈否定推測, 譯為“(昨天)一定沒…”。
3.may/might have+過去分詞, 表示對已發(fā)生的事情作不肯定、可能性很小的推測, 或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生, 譯為“也許…”。
4.needn′t have+過去分詞, 表示作了不必做的事, 譯為“其實(shí)沒必要…”。
5.should(n′t)have+過去分詞, 表示應(yīng)該做其事, 但實(shí)際上未做或不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了, 譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該…”。
6.ought to have+過去分詞, 表示動作按理該發(fā)生了, 譯為“該…”。
7.could have+過去分詞, 表示過去本來可以做, 但卻未做, 譯為“完全可以…”。
注意下面幾個情態(tài)動詞的習(xí)慣用法:
had better do…(沒有不定式符號to)
had better not do…(not的位置不在had后面)
would like to do…(帶to)
would not like to do…(注意not的位置)
used to do…(to后接動詞原形, 不是 ing形式)
四、非謂語動詞常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
1.該用不定式作賓語而錯用了動名詞, 或反之。
2.該用不定式完成式而錯用了一般式。
3.該用不定式或動名詞被動態(tài)而錯用了主動態(tài)。
4.該用過去分詞而錯用了現(xiàn)在分詞。
5.分詞放在句首時(shí), 其邏輯主語與句子主語不一致, 構(gòu)成垂懸分詞的錯誤。
例句:
Not too many (A) years ago (B) , my mother jogged in the alley behind our house because she was embarrassed to see (C) jogging in public (D) .
(答案:C to be seen, 與she是受動關(guān)系)
You will (A) almost always find (B) Caroline playing (C) a video game because she enjoys to be challenged (D) .
(答案:D being challenged, enjoy要求動名詞作賓語)
When the tank car carried (A) the poisonous gas ran off (B) the rails, the firemen tried to isolate the village from (C) all traffic (D) .
(答案:A carrying, 與邏輯主語car為施動關(guān)系, 即“車載著…”)
People cannot but (A) feel puzzling (B) , for they simply cannot (C) understand how he could have made (D) such a stupid mistake.
(答案:B puzzled, 過去分詞表示承受動作后所處的狀態(tài))
Mr.Jankin regretted to blame (A) his secretary for (B) the mistake, for (C) he later discovered (D) it was his own fault.
(答案:A having blamed, 此處regret要求接動名詞, 其完成式表明blame發(fā)生在regret之前)
When I consider how talented he is (A) as a painter (B) , I cannot help but believing (C) that the public (D) will appreciate his gift.
(答案:C believe, 習(xí)慣用法cannot help but do)
The bank is reported (A) in the (B) local newspaper to be robbed (C) in broad (D) daylight yesterday.
(答案:C to have been robbed, yesterday是修飾不定式的, 用完成式表示動作已發(fā)生)
Using (A) English as a tool, some data (B) may be collected (C) for (D) the research work.
(答案:A 可以考慮改為If we use, 全句最好改為If we use English as a tool, we can collect some data for the research work.句子的主語data不可能作分詞using的邏輯主語)
[辨錯思路]
1.首先要分辨動詞的謂語形式與非謂語形式。如果題句中有兩個動詞形式劃有橫線, 考生要分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和語義, 判斷出哪個是謂語, 哪個是非謂語, 因?yàn)橐粋簡單句或分句中不可能出現(xiàn)兩個彼此間無連詞連接的謂語。
2.在判定某個動詞形式應(yīng)為非謂語后, 要辨別其應(yīng)當(dāng)是不定式, 還是-ing形式或-ed分詞。
3.在確定某一非謂語形式后, 還要審查其時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)是否有誤;一般說來, 已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的動作用完成式, 與邏輯主語的關(guān)系是受動, 用被動態(tài)或過去分詞。
4.注意非謂語動詞的否定式是將否定詞置于非謂語動詞之前;據(jù)此判斷否定詞的位置是否有誤。
5.觀察分析句中的時(shí)間狀語是修飾謂語動詞, 還是修飾非謂語動詞, 如果是后者, 辨其時(shí)態(tài)是否有誤。
6.不定式和分詞的邏輯主語一般是句子的主語, 否則不定式的邏輯主語應(yīng)視情況用for, of引導(dǎo), 分詞應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語, 據(jù)此判斷是否存在垂懸分詞的錯誤。
[改錯要領(lǐng)]
1.注意動詞的不同接續(xù)要求。下列動詞要求接不定式作賓語:
afford, agree, attempt, decide, fail, manage, expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, refuse, tend, pretend, ask, claim, offer, determine, arrange.
2.熟記下列動詞要求接動名詞作賓語:
acknowledge, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, hate, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favour, finish, include, resent, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, resist, stand, risk.
3.掌握某些動詞不同接續(xù)要求的不同含義:
forget to do sth. 忘記了去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘記已做了某事
remember to do sth. 記住要去做某事
remember doing sth.記住了已做某事
stop to do sth.停下去做某事
stop doing sth. 停下在做的某事
regret to tell(say, announce)sb. 遺憾地告訴某人…
regret doing sth. 對已做了的事表示后悔、遺憾
try to do sth. 試圖去做某事
try doing sth. 試著做了某事
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing 意味著…
4.注意下列短語中的to是介詞, 后面應(yīng)接動名詞:
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, be committed to, be exposed to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be contrary to, with regard to, with a view to, as to, in contrast to
5.注意下列后接動名詞的習(xí)慣用法:
① Its no use doing…但是:Its of no use to do …
good
picnic
fun
② It is useless doing…
senseless
nuisance
worthwhile
③ There is no use(in)doing…
point
sense
harm
④ have difficulty doing…
trouble
problem
⑤ have a good time doing…
hard
difficult
⑥ spend(time)
wastedoing…
⑦ be worth doing…
busy
⑧ feel like doing…
⑨ can′t help doing…
6.下列習(xí)慣用語中都帶有but, 后面都接不帶to的不定式:
can not help but do…
can not but do…
can do nothing but do…
can not choose but do…
can not do anything but do…
但是:have nochoice but to do …
alternative
7.下列動詞、介詞后接動名詞具有主動形式、被動含義, 注意不要再用動名詞被動態(tài):
sth. be worth doing 比較:It′s worthwhile doing sth.
past
beyond
sth. need doing
want
require
demand
bear
deserve
五、一致關(guān)系常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
一致關(guān)系包括主語與謂語、代詞與所指代的名詞在人稱和數(shù)上要保持一致兩個方面。
1.主語是單數(shù), 謂語卻是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 或反之, 主謂不一致的錯誤常出現(xiàn)在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:
①主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu);
②主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾, 所以距離較遠(yuǎn), 考生易誤認(rèn)主語;
③動名詞短語或不定式短語作主語;
④主語帶有with或such as等附加成分;
⑤關(guān)系代詞作主語的定語從句;
⑥某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.代詞與所指代的名詞不一致的錯誤常常是:
①在數(shù)上不一致;
②在人稱上不一致;
③在格上不一致;
④出現(xiàn)在從屬結(jié)構(gòu)中。
例句:
On each (A) side of the highway was (B) hundreds of billboards advertising (C) everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit (D) and bedspreads.(1995年考題)
(答案:B were, 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu), 主語是hundreds of…)
The amount of pressure (A) which (B) the materials are subject (C) to affect (D) the quality of the products.
(答案:D affects, 主語與謂語之間有較長修飾語)
Transforming (A) raw materials into (B) useful products are (C) called manufacturing (D) .
(答案:C is, 主語是動名詞短語)
The dean of the college together with some other (A) faculty members are planning (B) a conference for the purpose of (C) laying down certain (D) regulations.
(答案:B is planning, 主語有附加語)
There are many valuable services (A) which the public are (B) willing to pay for, but which (C) does not (D) bring a return in money to the community.
(答案:D do not, 第二個關(guān)系代詞which作主語, 先行詞是services)
One of the world′s largest (A) salt mines lie (B) directly under (C) rhe city (D) of Detroit.
(答案:B lies, 主語是one)
George is one (A) of the graduate students who (B) has (C) got a part time (D) job.
(答案:C have, 與先行詞students一致)
Mr.Wang is the only one (A) of the teachers in (B) our university who (C) own (D) a car.
(答案:D owns, 與先行詞one一致)
注意:上面三個帶one的句子對謂語數(shù)的影響。
Many a (A) problem concerning the agricultural production (B) have been (C) solved this way (D) .
(答案:C has been, 與a problem在語法上一致)
It was during the 1920′s that (A) the friendship between (B) the two American writers Heminingway and Fitzgerald reached their (C) highest (D) point.
(答案:C its, 指代friendship, 在數(shù)上一致)
Each cigarette which a person smokes does (A) some (B) harm, and eventually you (C) may get a serious disease from its (D) effect.
(答案:C he, 指代a person, 在人稱上一致)
It is required by law that a husband have to pay (A) the debts of his wife until (B) formal notice is given that (C) he no longer has to pay her (D) .
(答案:D to pay them, 指代debts, 在人稱和數(shù)上一致)
His achievements have earned him (A) respect from (B) both his colleagues and those (C) whose positions are higher than he (D) .
(答案:D his, 指代his position, 在格上一致)
[辨錯思路]
1.一般說來, 測試主謂一致的試題主語都有修飾語或附加成分, 因此, 考生應(yīng)仔細(xì)閱讀句子, 找出主語、謂語。如果謂語劃有橫線, 就應(yīng)考慮是否存在主謂不一致的錯誤。
2.主謂不一致錯誤的特點(diǎn)之一是, 如果謂語應(yīng)是單數(shù), 謂語前面的名詞往往是復(fù)數(shù);如果謂語應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù), 謂語前面的名詞往往是單數(shù)(如1995年辨錯改錯題5), 以形成假象, 增大辨錯難度。
3.在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中測試主謂一致的試題往往是表示地點(diǎn)的短語放置句首, 謂語是表示狀態(tài)的動詞be, lie, stand, stay等, 考生在辨錯時(shí)注意這一規(guī)律。
4.如果作主語的名詞既可表示單數(shù)又可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義, 考生應(yīng)善于利用句中出現(xiàn)的代詞、限定詞或數(shù)詞等暗示來判斷題句中主語表示的數(shù)的概念, 進(jìn)而分析謂語動詞是否有誤。
5.一個句子含有不止一個名詞時(shí), 要分辨代詞是否正確, 關(guān)鍵是要搞清楚指代對象, 然后再進(jìn)一步分析是否在性、數(shù)、格、人稱上與指代對象一致。
[改錯要領(lǐng)]
在糾正一致關(guān)系錯誤時(shí), 除了了解一般的單復(fù)數(shù)概念外, 還應(yīng)掌握下列各特殊情況。
1.貌似單數(shù)、實(shí)是復(fù)數(shù)的詞, 包括data等不規(guī)則變化的復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 和只用作復(fù)數(shù)意義的詞如police以及根據(jù)情況有時(shí)用作復(fù)數(shù)意義的集合名詞如committee。
2.貌似復(fù)數(shù)、實(shí)是單數(shù)的名詞, 包括表示學(xué)科的詞如politics;固定復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞如means, series, species等。
注意:上面兩種情況切不可望形生義。
3.動名詞短語、不定式短語和名詞從句作主語時(shí), 謂語用單數(shù), 如果用and連接上述相同的兩個成分時(shí), 謂語則用復(fù)數(shù)。
4.主語帶有as well as, accompanied by等附加成分時(shí), 該主語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響。
5.兩組結(jié)構(gòu)相同但先行詞不同導(dǎo)致從句中謂語數(shù)之不同的情況:
one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句, 先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 從句中謂語用 復(fù)數(shù) 。
the only one+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句, 先行詞是one, 從句中謂語用 單數(shù) 。
6.兩組用法易混淆的含of的短語作主語時(shí), 謂語的數(shù)視名詞的冠詞而變:是不定冠詞a, 用復(fù)數(shù);是定冠詞the, 用單數(shù)。
a number of… 一些…
the number of… …的數(shù)量
a variety of… …各種各樣的…
the variety of… …的種類
注意:the majority of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞, “…的大多數(shù)”, 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
7.四組并列連詞連接的主語, 其謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于靠近動詞的主語:
either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, or。
8.三個固定用法的謂語的數(shù)單純?nèi)Q于主語數(shù)的形式, 而不考慮主語數(shù)的實(shí)際意義:
many a+單數(shù)名詞 謂語用單數(shù)
more than one+單數(shù)名詞 謂語用單數(shù)
agreat
good many+復(fù)數(shù)名詞 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)
9.由each, every修飾的名詞, 用第三人稱單數(shù)指代。
10.“those of+人稱代詞”構(gòu)成短語時(shí), 指代短語的代詞與短語中人稱代詞保持一致:
those of us our
those of you your
11.注意it is的縮寫形式it′s與代詞it的所有格形式its的區(qū)別, 參見樣題辨錯改錯(9)。
六、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
1.虛擬語氣條件從句省略了連詞if, 主謂應(yīng)倒裝而未倒裝。
2.句中含有要求必須倒裝的詞或句型, 句子卻用正常語序。
3.有的已倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中采用助動詞前置后, 動詞沒有作相應(yīng)變化。
4.在no matter how, however和how引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中其后的形容詞、副詞沒有隨其移置主謂語之前而產(chǎn)生倒裝。
5.在the more引導(dǎo)的比較從句中, 其所修飾的名詞沒有隨之移置主謂語之前而產(chǎn)生倒裝。
6.疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句不應(yīng)倒裝而倒裝。
例句:
There is a real possibility (A) that (B) these animals could (C) be frightened, there should (D) be a loud moise.
(答案:D should there, 虛擬條件句省略if)
Suddenly, Gallup′s name was on everyone′s lips (A) ;not only he was (B) the prophet of the moment, but (C) it was generally believed that he had founded a new (D) and most important method of prediction.(1996年考題)
(答案:B was he, not only置于分句首, 謂語動詞應(yīng)倒裝)
Little did we expected (A) that he would (B) fulfil (C) his task so rapidly (D) .
(答案:A expect, 前面已有助動詞did)
Many people take it (A) for granted (B) that the more one has children (C) , the more secure one′s late years (D) will be.
(答案:C children one has, the more…the more結(jié)構(gòu))
However (A) he tried hard (B) , he still (C) failed in (D) the entrance exam.
(答案:B 移至however之后)
Why should he (A) have gone (B) to the free trade zone I don′t know;but he did go (C) , remaining (D) away the whole day.
(答案:A he should, 疑問詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句)
[辨錯思路]
1.如果兩個句子之間沒有連接詞而使其構(gòu)成并列或從屬結(jié)構(gòu), 就要分析一下其中之一是否是省略了if采用倒裝的虛擬條件句。
2.如果試題句子起首部分出現(xiàn)了某些要求倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語, 則應(yīng)進(jìn)一步觀察句內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)是否已按規(guī)則調(diào)整。
3.切記however, no matter how, more幾個詞的共性是修飾語, 必須放在所修飾的詞前面, 決不能將它們與所修飾的詞分開。
4.以wh-開頭的句子不都是疑問句(可以通過標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號判斷), 而恰恰更多的是名詞性從句, 語序應(yīng)為陳述句語序。
5.注意觀察已倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語動詞在人稱、數(shù)上是否與主語一致, 時(shí)態(tài)是否與句子所提供的時(shí)間概念吻合。
[改錯要領(lǐng)]
熟悉下列出現(xiàn)在句首、要求句子結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝的詞和句型是做好此類試題的關(guān)鍵。
1.以否定詞和具有否定意義的詞組開頭的句子:
no, not, neither, nor, never, nowhere;
little, seldom, barely, hardly, scarcely, rarely;
no longer, no less, no more, no sooner…than;
not until, even less, not once, not only…;
under no circumtances, in no way, by no means, invain, on no account, at no time, at hardly any place.
2.以only+狀語(副詞、介詞短語、從句)起首的句子:
only then, only at that time, only once…;
only in this way, only with…, only through…, only by…;
only when…, only after….only because….
3.以某些程度副詞開頭的句子:
often, so, well.
4.以such或短語開頭的句子:
to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, etc.
5.以as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí), 從句中狀語或表語要放在as前。
6.某些表示方向、位置的副詞開頭的句子, 主謂要全部顛倒:
out, down, up, in, ….
七、形容詞、副詞和比較結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
1.誤用-ly副詞作系動詞表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語(見1996年考題4)。
2.混用由-ing分詞和-ed分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的兩種形容詞。
3.誤用形容詞修飾形容詞或分詞。
4.誤將沒有比較級形式的形容詞用于比較級形式。
5.比較結(jié)構(gòu)有誤, 即原級比較結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級結(jié)構(gòu)混在一起使用, 或比較級形容詞用于as…as…結(jié)構(gòu), 原級形容詞用于…than…結(jié)構(gòu)。
6.比較對象不一致, 即不是同類事物相比較。
例句:
A Four-year (A) study by the Infant Testing Center suggests that babies (B) feel more comfortably (C) around other (D) babies than with adults.
(答案:C comfortable, 形容詞作表語)
We found the poetry quite pleased (a) in form (B) ;I had (C) never seen one like it (D) before.
(答案:A pleasing, 此處應(yīng)用-ing分詞)
If (A) you want a real (B) effective stereo that plays (C) music clearly, you d better buy (D) a graphic equalizer.(1995年考題)
(答案:B really, 副詞修飾形容詞)
His method of doing (A) research work is hardly (B) appreciated;he feels (C) more inferior than (D) others.
(答案:D inferior to, inferior沒有比較級形式)
On the whole (A) , ambitious students are much likely (B) to succeed in their studies than are those (C) with (D) little ambition.
(答案:B more likely, 應(yīng)用比較級形式, 與句中than對應(yīng))
Despite (A) this similarity with other (B) creatures, the evolution of humankind differs from other species (C) in one (D) important and unique way.(1996年考題)
(答案:C that of other species, 比較對象應(yīng)一致)
[辨錯思路]
1.如果題句中形容詞或副詞劃有橫線, 作為選擇項(xiàng), 考生應(yīng)當(dāng)馬上反應(yīng)到是否其用法有錯誤, 然后根據(jù)句中提供的其他信息判斷是副詞修飾形容詞方面有錯誤、形容詞作表語、補(bǔ)語方面有錯誤, 還是比較結(jié)構(gòu)、比較對象有錯誤。
2.一般說來, 句中有形容詞、副詞比較級形式就應(yīng)該有比較連詞, 反之亦然, 因?yàn)閙ore…than…是連在一起使用的對應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu), 只有其一, 沒有其二是錯誤的。據(jù)此即便不懂得句子的意思, 也能辨別出結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤。
3.同樣, as…as…是與形容詞、副詞原級一起出現(xiàn)的對應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu), 因此, 如果句中有原級形容詞又有比較連詞than, 就是錯誤的;反過來, 形容詞比較級形式如出現(xiàn)在as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)中也是錯誤的。
4.在同級比較結(jié)構(gòu)中so總是用于否定句中, 即…not so…as…, 如句中出現(xiàn)了so+形容詞+as…結(jié)構(gòu), 考生就應(yīng)去尋找否定詞not, 如果沒有, 就應(yīng)分析一下是否應(yīng)是肯定句結(jié)構(gòu)as…as…, 如1996年辨錯改錯題(2)。
5.如果確認(rèn)結(jié)構(gòu)上沒有錯誤, 考生應(yīng)仔細(xì)推敲句子語義, 弄清是誰跟誰在作比較, 比較對象是否一致, 對比成分是否采用相同形式。
6.如果句中出現(xiàn)最高級形式-est或most…, 卻沒有比較范圍, 或者最高級形式與than用在一起, 都是錯誤的。
[改錯要領(lǐng)]
1.牢固掌握最基本的比較結(jié)構(gòu)句型。
2.下列形容詞沒有比較級形式, 表示比較時(shí)后面用to, 不用than:
inferior minor senior prior
superiormajorjuniorpreferable
3.注意下列受副詞修飾的形容詞的位置:
so
as
too
how
however+形容詞+a+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
如:too large a room
such
what
quite
rather+a+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
如:quite a large room
4.注意下列以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞:
costly, friendly, leisurely, lonely, likely, brotherly, monthly等。
5.以-ing結(jié)尾的分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞通常帶有主動含義, 多用來修飾物;以-ed分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞通常帶有被動意義, 多用來修飾人, 修飾物時(shí)用來表示狀態(tài)。
6.最高級形式應(yīng)于比較范圍內(nèi)對應(yīng)出現(xiàn), 關(guān)于比較范圍請注意:
(1)最高級比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。
in, (all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較, 如:in China, all over the world;of, among用于在同一群體同類事物內(nèi)的比較, 如:among the teachers, of the four dresses。
注意:among…相當(dāng)于one of…, 不說among all…, 參見1996年辨錯改錯題(5)。
(2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時(shí), 比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用:
any other+單數(shù)名詞
the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞
the others
anyone/anything else
上述詞是用來將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語, 切不可遺漏, 否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。
7.在改正對比成分不對稱的錯誤時(shí), 經(jīng)常用that或those代替比較內(nèi)容, 注意代詞要與所指代的名詞在數(shù)上一致。
8.注意習(xí)慣用語rather than, other than, no other than, 雖然有than, 但不是比較結(jié)構(gòu), 不非得與比較級形容詞同現(xiàn)。
比較結(jié)構(gòu)歷來是各層次英語語法測試的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容, 僅1996年同等學(xué)力申請碩士學(xué)位英語統(tǒng)考中就占30%, 考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)。
八、并列結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
1.混淆必須成對使用的并列連詞。
2.并列的成分不一致。
3.成對的并列連詞排列位置有錯誤, 導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)不結(jié)稱。
例句:
Clearly, Japan is still not very well understood in (A) the west;what westerners do know (B) seems to be (C) either extremely negative nor (D) extremely positive.(1995年考題)
(答案:D or, 混淆成對的連詞)
At school (A) he found that he hated eating (B) in the dining room, studied (C) for (D) his chemistry class, and doing his laundry.(1995年考題)
(答案:C studying, 并列成分在形式上不一致)
Failure to advertise could (A) result in either reduced (B) sales and less (C) profit nor (D) legal actions.(1996年考題)
(答案:D or, 成對連詞搭配不當(dāng))
Usually you will be more likely (A) to find insects if (B) you examine finertwigs rather than (C) the coarse (D) parts of trees.(1996年考題)
(答案:D coarser, rather than是連詞, 連接的成分在形式上不一致)
The new tenant in (A) the apartment was obviously (B) both suspicious (C) and interested in (D) his neighbors.(1995年考題)
(答案:C suspicious of, 結(jié)構(gòu)不對等)
The value of radar lies (A) in not (B) being a substitute for the eye (C) , but in doing what (D) the eye cannot do.
(答案:B not in, 對等連詞not…but…排列位置有誤)
[辨錯改錯思路]
1.牢記下列成對的關(guān)聯(lián)詞必須同時(shí)出現(xiàn), 搭配使用, 缺一換一均是錯誤的:
both…and…, not only…but(also)…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not…but…, whether…or…, prefer…to…, rather than
2.并列連詞應(yīng)連接句法功能相同的成分和分句, 它們應(yīng)盡可能保持相同詞性、相同詞形和相同結(jié)構(gòu), 即都是形容詞, 或都是介詞短語, 或都是不定式, 或都是動名詞, 或都是句子, 否則是錯誤的。
3.對等關(guān)聯(lián)詞必須分別置于兩個平行的并列成分之前, 即放在兩個謂語之前、或兩個賓語之前、或兩個主語之前等, 否則是錯誤的。
4.如果并列連詞連接的是兩個不同形容詞, 且形容詞后面又有不同的介詞搭配, 切記不要丟掉其中一個介詞, 否則是錯誤的。如1995年辨錯改錯題(9)。
九、從屬結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤設(shè)置及答題思路
[常見錯誤]
從屬結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤主要集中在誤用關(guān)系代詞和從屬連詞上。
1.利用考生的漢語思維方式, 錯用that引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。
2.誤用because引導(dǎo)表示原因的表語從句。
3.在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中漏掉或誤用介詞。
4.某些定語從句應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)而錯用其他關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。
5.誤用從屬連詞, 使主從句形成錯誤的不合邏輯的語義關(guān)系。
例句:
In spite of (A) the ever-increasing exploitatin of natural resources, that (B) has now reached dangerous proportion, little (C) has been done on a world-wide (D) scale to slow down or stop this process.(1995年考題)
(答案:B which, 只能用which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句)
The reason why (A) I came late for (B) the meeting was because (C) my car broke down (D) .
(答案:C that, 此處不能用because引導(dǎo)表示原因的表語從句)
This is the most important respect which (A) civilized man (B) can be distinguished from (C) primitive communities (D) .
(答案:A in which, 相當(dāng)于in this respect)
Albert Einstein is one of (A) the greatest men who (B) have ever (C) been known to us (D) in the field of physics.
(答案:B that, 先行詞有最高級修飾, 定語從句用that而不用其他關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo))
This book costs (A) me five yuan As (B) you have been a good friend to me, you may borrow it as far as (C) you keep it clean (D) .
(答案:C as long as, 從屬連詞誤用)
You should check (A) the air in the tyres (B) as (C) you start on (D) a long automobile trip.
(答案:C before, 從屬連詞誤用)
It (A) is because she is too (B) inexperienced therefore (C) she does not know how (D) to deal with the situation.
(答案:C that, 強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu):It is…that…)
There are two spare rooms in the building, neither (A) of them (B) has (C) been provided with (D) modern facilities.
(答案:B which, 非限定性定語從句)
[辨錯思路]
1.與漢語不同, 英語中兩個句子之間一般說來不能用逗號連接, 而要根據(jù)語義的不同, 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞或關(guān)系代詞使它們形成從屬或并列關(guān)系。因此, 當(dāng)題句包含不止一個句子時(shí), 考生就應(yīng)審查一下, 看它們之間是否有連接手段, 如果沒有, 就是錯誤的, 如例句1和例句8。
2.非限定性定語從句前面有逗號標(biāo)志, 先行詞是物或前面整個句子時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞用which, 如果是人, 用who或whom引導(dǎo), 據(jù)此, 可判斷出逗號后面一句由that或this開頭是錯的, 應(yīng)用which, 如例句1和例句8。
3.如果主語是reason, 表語就不能再用because引導(dǎo), 要用that, 否則意思重疊, 所以當(dāng)because劃有橫線時(shí), 考生就要分析一下用得對否。
4.記。宏P(guān)系代詞一定要在從句中充當(dāng)某種成分, 即主語、賓語、表語或定語, 如果從句中主賓成分齊全, 便可斷定關(guān)系代詞在從句中是作狀語, 而狀語通常用介詞短語充當(dāng), 于是可以得知, 關(guān)系代詞前面應(yīng)有介詞, 如果題句中沒有, 就是錯的, 再根據(jù)與名詞詞組的搭配選擇合適的介詞。
5.如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語, 而從句中謂語又是非及物動詞, 考生則要觀察一下動詞后是否有介詞使其具有及物作用(此處介詞漏掉是常見錯誤之一), 如果沒有, 再看關(guān)系代詞前是否有介詞, 如果也沒有, 就是錯誤的。若關(guān)系代詞劃有橫線, 要在其前加上介詞;若動詞劃有橫線, 則在動詞后加上介詞, 注意與動詞的搭配。
6.關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中作定語, 修飾名詞。所以, 如果關(guān)系代詞后面緊接的是名詞, 且關(guān)系代詞又劃有橫線, 不在從句中作賓語, 那么, 這個關(guān)系代詞就應(yīng)該是whose。
7.如果定語從句沒有先行詞, 那么這個關(guān)系代詞就應(yīng)該是what, 否則是錯誤的;反之, 關(guān)系代詞是what, 又有先行詞, 那么也是錯誤的。
[改錯要領(lǐng)]
1.先行詞是all, one, much, little, some, those, few, a few, anything, everything, nothing, 或先行詞受any, no, only, the same, very, 或受形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾, 關(guān)系代詞無論指人還是指物都用that。
2.as 和which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句, 指代前面整個主句時(shí), 其區(qū)別是:
如果主句在前, 用which/as都可以;
如果主句在后, 只能用as, as還可插在主句中間。
3.下列關(guān)系代詞不需要先行詞:
what, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever。
4.下列副詞和名詞詞組可以起連接詞作用:
immediately, directly, instantly;
each/every time, the first time, last/next time。
5.注意unless一詞本身具有否定意義, 相當(dāng)于if…not…, 不易被考生掌握, 尤其要引起重視。
6.下列連接詞語在辨錯改錯題中經(jīng);檎_與錯誤設(shè)置, 即應(yīng)該是其一, 設(shè)置成其二;應(yīng)該是其二, 設(shè)置成其一:
that——which
who——whom
as far as——as long as
so far as——so long as
such…that——such…as
unless——if
結(jié)束
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