第八節(jié) 非謂語動詞用定語和狀語  

一、非謂語動詞的概念 

非謂語動詞是指動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞。它們是動詞的非限定形式。在句子中它們起著一些特殊的作用。以下簡要介紹它們各自的構(gòu)成、作用及應(yīng)用。 

二、動詞不定式 

不定式是指帶to的動詞原形(使用中有時不帶to),在句中起形容詞或副詞的作用, 可以作狀語和定語。 

(一)作定語 

1. 動詞不定式與其修的詞之間往往有動賓關(guān)系, 如果該不定式是不及物動詞, 其后有必要的介詞。 

He’s pleasant fellow to work with. 
There’s nothing to worry about. 

2. 有些名詞后常跟不定式作定語。例如: time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan等。 

Women should have the right to receive education. 
There is no time to hesitate. 

3. the first, the second, the last, the best 等之后用不定式做定語。 

The monitor will be the first to come. 
He was the last man to blame. 

(二)作狀語 

1. 作目的狀語 

不定式作狀語時, 其動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后, 一般置于句子末尾。但是, 如果表示強(qiáng)調(diào), 亦可置于句首。其否定形式為: 在不定式符號前加not。 

He went to Shanghai to visit his parents. 
To save the earth, we must prevent the earth from being polluted. 
I shut the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby. 

2. 作結(jié)果狀語 

We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 
She left home, never to return again. 

3. 作原因狀語 

不定式做原因狀語時, 一般放在句子末尾。 

She burst into laughter to see his funny action. 
The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene. 

4. 作獨(dú)立成分 

有些固定詞組帶to不定式, 表明說話人的立場或態(tài)度, 在句中作獨(dú)立成分。 
這些詞有: 
to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short,to get (back) to the point, not to make much of it,to put it another way, to tell the truth等。 

To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing. 
To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill. 
We can’t go. To begin with, it’s too cold.我們不能去。首先,天太冷了。 
To cut a long story short, I decided to stay.簡而言之,我決定留下。 
In the cousre of a day students do far more than just attend classes.(more than+不帶to的不定式） 

三、動名詞 

動名詞也是動詞的一種非限定形式, 由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成法相同。它同時具有動詞及名詞特征。 

以下主要介紹其做定語及狀語的情況。 

1. 作定語 

None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room. 
The speeding car came to a stop all of a sudden. 

2. 作狀語 

介詞+動名詞可以作狀語用, 表示時間、原因、目的、讓步、方式等。 

After finishing the job, he went home. 
He was blamed for having done something wrong. 
They went to Manchester with the object of winning the World Championship. 

四、分詞 

分詞是動詞的三種非限定形式之一, 包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。分詞可以在句中作狀語及定語。 

(一)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別 

現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)在語態(tài)和時間概念上。在語態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞(除被動式外)表示主動意思, 過去分詞表示被動意思。在時間上, 現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在進(jìn)行, 過去分詞則表示動作已完成。 

developing countries(發(fā)展中國家) 
developed countries(發(fā)達(dá)國家) 
the touching tale(動人的傳說) 
the touched audince(受感動的觀眾) 

(二)現(xiàn)在分詞的用法 

現(xiàn)在分詞可在句中作定語和狀語。 

1. 作定語 

現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時多置于它所修飾的名詞前: 

This is a pressing question. 
這是一個緊迫的問題。 

He asked an embarrassing question. 
他提了一個令人難堪的問題。 

現(xiàn)在分詞亦可置于它所修飾的名詞之后: 
There were no soldiers drilling. 

現(xiàn)在分詞短語一般皆置于其修飾的名詞之后: 
A little child learning to walk often falls. 
The men working here are all from the rural areas. 

2. 現(xiàn)在分詞用作狀語 

現(xiàn)在分詞及其短語從表意的角度看, 也可用作狀語, 表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。其動作可能發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前或之后, 也可能與謂語動的動作同時發(fā)生。 

(1)表示時間 

Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. 

He went out shutting the door behind him. 

強(qiáng)調(diào)與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生時, 現(xiàn)在分詞之前可用連詞when或while: 

When leaving the airport, they waved again and agin to us. 
While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite. 

(2)表示原因 

Being sick, I stayed at home. 
She caught cold sitting on the grass. 

(3)表示條件 

Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent. 
Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage. 

(4)表示讓步 

Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasn’t tried her best. 

(5)表示結(jié)果 

It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country. 
It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holday. 

(6)表示方式或伴隨情況 

He ran up to her breathing heavily. 
Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc. 

（三）過去分詞的作用 
1. 作定語 
過去分詞可以作定語。如果是單詞，常置于其所修飾的名詞之前，例如： 

Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier? 

2. 作狀語 
（1）時間狀語 
Heated,the metals expands 
When seen through a telescope,the sun appears darker near the edge 
（2）表示原因 
Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city. 
Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word. 
（3）表示條件 
United,we stand;divided,we fall. 
Given more time,I’ll do it better. 
（4）表示讓步 
Considered as a building material,wood is not very strong. 
Badly involved in the accident,the car is still running. 
（5）表示方式或伴隨 

He came back,utterly exhausted. 
United as one, the people of the whole country are striving for greater successes in socialist construction. 

(四)分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 

It being a holiday,I went fishing. 
Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow. 
The plan having been approved of,what is most important is to carry it out.計劃被批準(zhǔn)后，最重要的是付諸實(shí)施。 
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.她凝視著，雙手交叉在胸前。 

Generally speaking,we now live in a comparatively peaceful an rich world. 
Judging from what you said,he is a stone-heartd  person. 

He fell asllep with the lamp burning 
The day was bright,with a fresh breeze blowing.