2012托�？荚囕o導(dǎo)之機(jī)經(jīng)英文版原文2

    1. 關(guān)於STREAM 的文章。

    第一段，streams 里的 sediments.

    說(shuō)河流里改變landscape，主要通過(guò)erosion而不是weathering.

    這里有一道題是關(guān)於streams怎樣影響landscape.

    第二段，streams里的sediments有三種形式。

    第三段，第一種是溶解在河水里了，然后河水流到哪里就帶著它去哪里。

    第四段，好像是講一些小部分沒(méi)有溶解在水里的sediments，具體記不清楚了。

    第五段，講在河床上較大塊的sediments.說(shuō)這些平常都不怎么動(dòng)，在經(jīng)歷大洪水的時(shí)候會(huì)被移動(dòng)，所以很難被觀測(cè)。

    2. native Canadian

    開(kāi)始講好多原始的資料都沒(méi)有得到很好的保存。歐洲人跑到加拿大后，那些資料都變得fragmented， 然后時(shí)間順序也搞混了。講到native people 怎樣記錄他們的生活和文化，都是由男人寫，被隔離起來(lái)，所以這些記錄都是建立在這些寫的人的基礎(chǔ)上，然后也限制去探望的人。所以歐洲人去了以后也搞不清楚，因?yàn)榧词顾麄冊(cè)谀抢镒『荛L(zhǎng)時(shí)間，也不會(huì)有機(jī)會(huì)去瞭解。

    然后說(shuō)歐洲的native的影響在歐洲人沒(méi)去加拿大的時(shí)候就有了，因?yàn)閚ative people使用很多goods都是歐洲產(chǎn)的。歐洲人到了以后都是在春天到秋天的這段時(shí)間搞農(nóng)業(yè)，還講到了水資源，說(shuō)道歐洲人搞了map都是根據(jù)河流資訊的，還搞了個(gè)什么東西。Native people會(huì)遷移，根據(jù)不同的季節(jié)travel very long distance.

    最后一段講歐洲人記錄的native people的生活和文化也不是非常準(zhǔn)確。最開(kāi)始他們用畫畫的方式記錄，但是這些都會(huì)收到個(gè)人想法的影響。即使后來(lái)用了照相機(jī)，也還是不怎么準(zhǔn)確，因?yàn)閭�(gè)人想法，角度還是影響這些記錄。

    2. 學(xué)者研究北美居民的本來(lái)生活是比較困難的。因?yàn)閾?jù)研究表明，很多native居民在真正接觸newcomer之前就已經(jīng)在使用歐洲的goods 或者技術(shù)。大部分移民最初目的是要找資源。影響因素還有很多移民探險(xiǎn)的人長(zhǎng)時(shí)間跟本地居民居住生活；這些新移民和自己國(guó)家和親人隔離太久。

    3. 原始人作畫用什么工具

    第一段講開(kāi)始對(duì)原始藝術(shù)的理解有偏差，好像原來(lái)懷疑這些玩意兒都是God 或者神靈創(chuàng)作的。后來(lái)就一直這些原始的藝術(shù)品是用一種石頭工具制作的。然后給出幾個(gè)例子。后來(lái)提到了用了現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，chemical還有顯微鏡之類的。

    4. 鳥(niǎo)的遷徙，途中經(jīng)過(guò)撒哈拉沙漠和地中海，它們?cè)趺赐瓿蛇@么長(zhǎng)的距離。

    新托福真題題源：Birds face longer migration due to climate change， experts warn

    Migrating birds such as the garden warbler and whitethroat will face longer journeys because of climate change， experts warned today.

    A team of scientists led by Durham University has demonstrated that while the birds‘ breeding ranges are likely to shift northwards， their wintering areas will not， thus increasing the length of their journeys by up to 250 miles. The study， published in the Journal of Biogeography， has serious implications for many of the birds returning this month to Britain to breed.

    The research team used computer simulation models similar to those used by weather forecasters to analyse how climate change might affect the migration patterns of European Sylvia warblers.

    Every year these tiny birds – some weighing as little as 12g – travel thousands of miles northwards from their African winter-quarters to breed in Europe and Asia. Up to 500 million birds undertake this epic journey to take advantage of the long summer days and glut of insect food in temperate latitudes.

    But as climate change leads to rises in spring and summer temperatures， some of these long-distance migrants are responding by shifting their breeding ranges further north， making their return journey each spring even longer than before. In future， when they return to Africa in autumn， the predicted southward extension of the Sahara Desert may also eventually increase their travel distance.

    Dr Stephen Willis of Durham University， who co-ordinated the study， stressed the problems this additional mileage will pose. “From 2071 to 2100， nine out of the 17 species we looked at are projected to face longer migrations， particularly birds that cross the Sahara desert. The added distance is a considerable threat，” he said.

    Different birds follow different migration strategies， with some species covering the distance in short hops. Others， such as the sedge warbler， fatten up and almost double their body weight before making the journey across the Sahara and Mediterranean Sea in a single leap. But whichever way they travel， longer journeys will make enormous demands on their energy resources， which they may not be able to meet.

    Professor Rhys Green of the RSPB， who co-authored the research paper， believes that this increase in distance – though relatively small compared with the total journey the birds undertake – is likely to cause major problems. “Anything that makes those journeys longer or more dependent on vulnerable pit-stop habitats used for refuelling on migration could mean the difference between life and death，” he warned.

    There is evidence that short-term climatic effects have caused problems in the past. For example， the prolonged drought in the Sahel Zone of western Africa during the late 1960s led to a massive 90% fall in the British population of whitethroats in a single year， from 1968 to 1969. Although numbers later recovered， the species remains highly vulnerable to sudden environmental change.

    Some species， however， may already be beginning to adapt their migration patterns as a result of climate change. The chiffchaff， which normally migrates to Iberia and North Africa rather than crossing the Sahara， now regularly overwinters in Britain， especially in the milder areas of the south and west. Meanwhile the German and Austrian populations of the blackcap， one of the species followed in the study， now migrate west instead of south to spend the winter here in the UK.

    If other species can follow suit by changing their migration patterns they may be able to survive. “Some species may be able to adapt and change， for example by adopting shorter migration routes， if they can find enough food at the right time，” said Willis.

    “Bird migrations are incredible feats of stamina and endurance but， as temperatures rise and habitats change， birds will face their biggest challenge since the Pleistocene era.”

    5. 板塊漂移學(xué)說(shuō)。板塊漂移學(xué)說(shuō)提出之前，大家都認(rèn)為地殼都是垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)。等到此學(xué)說(shuō)提出后，很多邊緣學(xué)者承認(rèn)，但是主流學(xué)者不承認(rèn)，他們認(rèn)為提出者只依靠了化石材料，并沒(méi)有說(shuō)明物種差別。很多年后，新的證據(jù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)，才流行開(kāi)來(lái)。

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