2012年托�？荚囕o導(dǎo)之機(jī)經(jīng)英文版原文3

    1. 一個(gè)在Iran伊朗的上古聚落，人類(lèi)最早的城市，簡(jiǎn)單介紹這個(gè)城市，城市成長(zhǎng)依靠旁邊的衛(wèi)星城市（農(nóng)業(yè)），介紹一個(gè)觀念，多余的糧食導(dǎo)致專(zhuān)精技工的產(chǎn)生。

    三段討論這個(gè)觀念并分別舉例生產(chǎn)的專(zhuān)精生產(chǎn)的東西：

    瓷器 （pottery） 有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格，所以規(guī)格選擇較少；

    紡織 （textile） 專(zhuān)業(yè)組織；

    礦業(yè) （mental）；

    立體印章 （cylinder seal） 強(qiáng)調(diào)比石器時(shí)代的印章還要精緻，并強(qiáng)調(diào)東西已經(jīng)到專(zhuān)家級(jí)水準(zhǔn)。

    關(guān)於Mesopotamia美索不達(dá)米亞文化，最開(kāi)始說(shuō)它農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展很好，然后說(shuō)其實(shí)它的craft類(lèi)的也比較不錯(cuò)，由開(kāi)始的自己家里人做慢慢轉(zhuǎn)到專(zhuān)業(yè)的人生產(chǎn)，但生產(chǎn)的pottery等東西沒(méi)裝飾，純使用，并且有基本相同的standard.最后一段說(shuō)它也有一些cylinder seal什么的，它們的surface顯示生產(chǎn)他們的人也是會(huì)專(zhuān)業(yè)技巧的�？傮w都在強(qiáng)調(diào)那些craftsman都是有專(zhuān)業(yè)的technical skill的。

    單字題：intact =undamaged

    Civilization emerged in Mesopotamia because the soil provided a surplus of food. With this surplus， people could settle down to village life and with these new settlements， towns and cities began to make their appearance， a process known as urbanization. With settlements and a surplus of food came an increase in the population， a well-defined division of labor， organization， cooperation and kingship. The emergence of cities involved interaction between people. Most cities evolved from smaller farming villages and with the practice of irrigation， which was necessary for villages distant from the Tigris and Euphrates， a stable food supply was produced. This， in turn， allowed increases in the number of people who inhabited each settlement.

    Because the land closest to the river was the most fertile， there was a variation in terms of the wealth of these early farmers， which led to distinct social classes. At the same time， the construction of canals， ditches and dikes essential to irrigation demanded cooperation between different social groups. Decision-making， regulation and control of all food production and herding meant cooperation. And because more food could be produced by less people， some people gave up farming and became craftsmen， laborers， merchants and officials and this too required cooperation. The Mesopotamians built massive temples or ziggurats which housed the priestly class， the human representatives of the gods. The priests controlled the religious life of the community， the economy， land ownership， the employment of workers as well as the management of long distance trade.

    Mesopotamian villages and towns eventually evolved into independent and nearly self-sufficient city-states. Although largely economically dependent on one another， these city-states were independent political entities and retained very strong isolationist tendencies. This isolationism hindered the unification of the Mesopotamian city-states， which eventually grew to twelve in number.

    By 3000 B.C.， Mesopotamian civilization had made contact with other cultures of the Fertile Crescent （a term first coined by James Breasted in 1916）， an extensive trade network connecting Mesopotamia with the rest of Ancient Western Asia. Again， it was the two rivers which served as both trade and transportation routes.

    The achievements of Mesopotamian civilization were numerous. Agriculture， thanks to the construction of irrigation ditches， became the primary method of subsistence. Farming was further simplified by the introduction of the plow. We also find the use of wheel-made pottery. Between 3000 and 2900 B.C. craft specialization and industries began to emerge （ceramic pottery， metallurgy and textiles）。 Evidence for this exists in the careful planning and construction of the monumental buildings such as the temples and ziggurats. During this period （roughly 3000 B.C.）， cylinder seals became common. These cylindrical stone seals were five inches in height and engraved with images. These images were reproduced by rolling the cylinder over wet clay. The language of these seals remained unknown until to 20th century. But， scholars now agree that the language of these tablets was Sumerian.

    2. 說(shuō)人們可以通過(guò)研究海里板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)什么的可以知道那些海上小島和continent怎么形成的和什么時(shí)候形成的，好像還跟火山噴發(fā)什么的有關(guān)。

    舉了夏威夷里的a series of islands為例。又說(shuō)了倆人，分別對(duì)板塊漂移學(xué)說(shuō)做出了貢獻(xiàn)，因?yàn)樗麄z分別做了一些相關(guān)research來(lái)證明自己的假設(shè)。最后說(shuō)這種發(fā)放有局限性 只能通過(guò)新形成的來(lái)測(cè)飄的trail，老的就不行了，因?yàn)樗鼈兇嬖跁r(shí)間短。

    傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)是說(shuō)火山總在plate接壤的地方形成，但文章說(shuō)夏威夷的火山就在海洋的中間，而不是接壤處。之后提到兩個(gè)學(xué)者的研先后的研究，有題問(wèn)道他們的研究之間是什么關(guān)系。后來(lái)提到火山的年齡，和一個(gè)hot spots，貌似能影響火山，最后說(shuō)火山的年齡可以從xxxx中反映出來(lái)（有題）。

    辭彙，converge=get closer，approximately=roughly，eroded=worn down.

    3. 捕食者和被捕食的動(dòng)物的關(guān)系。中心句說(shuō)他們不是簡(jiǎn)單的捕食和被捕的關(guān)系，而是和整個(gè)環(huán)境還有食物鏈有關(guān)。之后開(kāi)始舉例，說(shuō)他們做的實(shí)驗(yàn)，總體是捕食者和被捕者的數(shù)量反向相關(guān)，還提到在一個(gè)環(huán)境中，有食物的影響或有捕食者的影響生物才能生存，如果完全沒(méi)有這兩個(gè)因素的限制就不能生存。最后說(shuō)在海洋環(huán)境中，海星和它的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者必須同時(shí)生存，如果讓其中一種獨(dú)佔(zhàn)環(huán)境，就會(huì)迅速死亡。

    prey-predator circle.先說(shuō)一種動(dòng)物的redundancy circle不光與predator有關(guān)，還跟其他有關(guān)，像食物什么的。然后是舉了hare為例吧，hare吃了branches，然后數(shù)量長(zhǎng)了，但是樹(shù)少了它們就得吃low-quality food，數(shù)量就又少了。大概10年一周期。它們的predator，好像是wolf？數(shù)量跟他們同方向變化，緊跟他們后面。還有人做了一實(shí)驗(yàn)，移了wolf還給食物的話(huà)，hare的數(shù)量漲到一個(gè)數(shù)量就不長(zhǎng)了，保持，circle沒(méi)了。但是若單獨(dú)給食物或單獨(dú)留wolf，他們的circle就會(huì)變。最后講了一個(gè)什么概念，舉例，在海洋里，你移了海星，它們的prey就增了，最有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的那個(gè)prey會(huì)占最多資源，把其他的less competitors擠掉。所以diversity就減少了。

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